Table 4.

Final Hierarchical Linear Model Estimation of the Fixed Effects for Psychological Outcomes

	PSS		UCLA-LS		PCL-C		CES-D
	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE
Fixed effects: baseline
Intercept	15.7346	1.3043	41.2212	1.7742	45.7889	3.8437	28.5003	2.4062
Group	1.3704	1.3536	0.7675	1.8573	7.5478	3.2885	2.7584	1.9781
Age	−0.0958	0.0638	−0.0200	0.0877	−0.2836c	0.1425	−0.1471	0.0920
Race	1.4814	1.3563	−0.7471	1.8678	1.5405	3.1082	−0.6414	1.9908
Combat exposure	0.1562	0.1019	0.1218	0.1347	0.8231a	0.2097	0.4775b	0.1414
Social support	1.0071a	0.2783	3.4797	0.3889a	−0.4099b	0.1275	−0.5343a	0.0855
Time slope (linear)†
Intercept	−0.1103	0.1218	−0.0600	0.1677	−0.4364	0.3939	−0.2921	0.2421
Group	−0.2475c	0.1241	−0.2973c	0.1451	−0.8371b	0.3245	−0.1531	0.2018
Age	0.0031	0.0061	0.0021	0.0088	0.0029	0.0162	−0.0054	0.0101
Race	−0.1799	0.1230	0.1475	0.1746	−0.0458	0.3209	−0.0225	0.1988
Combat exposure	0.0056	0.0098	0.0057	0.0125	0.0032	0.0211	0.0063	0.0142
Social support	0.0507	0.0270	−0.0484	0.0367	0.0118	0.0140	0.0073	0.0090

Abbreviations: PSS Perceived Stress Scale, UCLA-LS Loneliness Scale, PCL-C PTSD Checklist Civilian Version; QLI Quality of Life Index; CES-D The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression; SE standard error of the coefficient

Age, combat exposure, social support variables were grand mean centered

Race was a dichotomous variable (White=0/non-White=1)

^†Time was coded 0 at the first assessment visit

^ap < .001; ^bp< .01; ^cp≤ .05