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MSC-educated M2 macrophages
Prostaglandin E-2 (PGE-2), secreted from MSCs, can bind to EP4 receptors on M1 macrophages at the wound site and repolarize them to pro-healing M2 macrophages via two independent pathways: (1) the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, which inhibits TNF-α and IL-12, and (2) the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway, which leads to activation of transcription of genes associated with the M2 macrophage phenotype. Created with BioRender.
