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. 2022 Sep 17;15:135. doi: 10.1186/s13045-022-01349-6

Table 3.

TGF-β-dependent stromal cell metabolic reprogramming in cancer

CAFs NK cells (exhausted) macrophages Neutrophils/MDSCs T cells (exhausted) B cells
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Stromal cell metabolic reprogramming
Glycolysis↑ Glycolysis↓ Glycolysis↑ Glycolysis↑ Glycolysis↓ Glycolysis↑
Fatty acid synthesis↑ Lipid accumulation ↑ Lipid accumulation ↑ FAO↑ FAO↑ Cholesterol↑ FAO↑ Further studies needed
Gln anabolism↑ Gln catabolism ↓ Gln and Arg catabolism↑ Gln catabolism↑ Arg and tryptophan metabolism↓ Gln catabolism↑
TGF-β-dependent stromal cell metabolic reprogramming
CAV-1↓ or ROS↑-Glycolysis↑ mTOR↓-Glycolysis↓ OXPHOS↑-M2 macrophages↑ Arginase↑-Pro-tumor features ↑ OXPHOS↑ and glycolysis↓, FAO ↑-Tregs↑ Further studies needed
a.IDH3α↓PDK1↑-TCA cycle↓ b. BCAT1 ↑-BCKAs↑ mTOR↓-OXPHOS↓ Arginase↑-Pro-tumor features ↑ CD39 and CD73↑-adenosine↑-Pro-tumor features ↓ ATP synthase↓-IFNγ↓-Effector function↓ Further studies needed

MDSC myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Gln glutamine; FAO fatty acid oxidation; Arg arginine; CAV-1 caveolin-1; ROS reactive oxygen species; IDH3α isocitric dehydrogenase 3; BCAT1 branched chain amino acid transaminase 1; BCKAs branched-chain α-ketoacids; mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin; OXPHOS oxidative phosphorylation; Tregs regulatory T cells