Fig. 10.

All temperature range electrochemical performances of flexible ZABs. a Discharge and charge measurements for PEMAC@NDCN // CBCs // Zn for wide temperatures from − 40 to 70 °C. b Power densities and galvanostatic discharge voltage polarizations for PEMAC@NDCN // CBCs // Zn for wide range of temperatures from − 40 to 70 °C. c Discharge potentials measurement over wide temperatures at 25 mA cm⁻². d Calculated capacities and energy densities for PEMAC@NDCN // CBCs // Zn for − 40, − 20, 25, and 70 °C at 20 mA cm⁻². e Ragone plot illustrates the projections over performances retentions (i.e., in terms of capacity (mAh g⁻¹), power (mW cm⁻²), energy (Wh kg⁻¹), temperature (°C), and current densities (mA cm⁻²) of designed PEMAC@NDCN // CBCs // Zn cells in comparison with previously reported champion ZABs for the low-temperatures region. Note that all the reported ZABs performances are 1–5 mA cm⁻², and the measurements for this work are taken at 20–25 mA cm⁻². f and g Cycle life for PEMAC@NDCN // CBCs // Zn cells for the current rate of 25 mA cm⁻² at − 40 °C and 70 °C. Time: 10 min per cycle