Table 3. Publications investigating non-surgical and surgical approaches for varicocele treatment, mechanistic studies, and prognostic/diagnostic studies.

Topic of publications			Value
Mechanistic studies (n=552)
	Spermatogenesis/spermiogenesis		246 (44.6)
	Molecular interactions		106 (19.2)
	Pathophysiology		377 (68.3)
Prediction of clinical outcomes			841 (65.4)
	Post-operative recurrence		381 (29.6)
	Biochemical markers		226 (17.6)
	Indication of surgical or medical treatment in varicocele diagnosis		571 (44.4)
Studies investigating non-surgical and surgical approaches for varicocele treatment (n=1,271)
	Non-surgical approaches		260 (20.5)
		Non-surgical pharmaceutical	46 (17.7)
		Non-surgical antioxidants	24 (9.2)
		Radiological approaches and complementary medicine	199 (76.5)
	Surgical approaches for varicocele		1,130 (88.9)

Data are reported as number of publications (n) and percentage (%) out of the total number of publications collected in Scopus.