Fig. 1.

(a) Schematic illustration of the human biomonitoring (HBM) approach. An infant might be exposed to mycotoxins via complementary infant food or via breast milk. Biological samples including blood, urine, stool, breast milk, and others can be used for monitoring mycotoxin exposure using analytical methods such as LC-MS/MS. (b) Possible effects of xenobiotics such as mycotoxins on the gut microbiome development. With increasing mycotoxin concentration, the gut microbiota might become unbalanced, which could encourage colonization by more harmful bacteria. (c) Chemical structures of the 32 mycotoxins (and metabolites) that have been included in the final LC-MS/MS method