Appendix Table 2.
Main findings (full), with facility fixed effect and robust standard error
| VARIABLES | Full sample | 5-star SNFs | 1-star SNFs |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADRD = 1 | −0.0163*** (0.000955) |
−0.0105*** (0.00224) |
−0.0125*** (0.00268) |
| post = 1 | −0.00644*** (0.00101) |
−0.00606*** (0.00219) |
−0.00357 (0.00319) |
| ADRD * post | −0.00312*** (0.00108) |
−0.0102*** (0.00251) |
−0.00501 (0.00327) |
| Demographics | |||
| Age | −0.000631*** (3.11e-05) |
−0.000506*** (6.04e-05) |
−0.000814*** (9.98e-05) |
| Male | 0.00711*** (0.000465) |
0.00578*** (0.000891) |
0.0101*** (0.00151) |
| Race = black | 0.0104*** (0.00103) |
0.00869*** (0.00218) |
0.0131*** (0.00298) |
| Race = other | 0.00176* (0.000949) |
−0.000244 (0.00178) |
0.00659** (0.00311) |
| Dual status | −1.58e-05 (0.000616) |
0.000907 (0.00131) |
−0.00356** (0.00177) |
| Functional/cognitive/behavioral Status | |||
| CFS = 2 | 0.0356*** (0.000700) |
0.0384*** (0.00148) |
0.0311*** (0.00187) |
| CFS = 3 | 0.0256*** (0.000857) |
0.0240*** (0.00179) |
0.0252*** (0.00253) |
| CFS = 4 | 0.0340*** (0.00196) |
0.0290*** (0.00437) |
0.0391*** (0.00558) |
| CFS, missing | 0.231*** (0.00356) |
0.256*** (0.00799) |
0.191*** (0.00830) |
| ADL | 0.00544*** (6.69e-05) |
0.00570*** (0.000148) |
0.00542*** (0.000193) |
| Chronic Conditions | |||
| Cancer = Yes | 0.0104*** (0.000892) |
0.0104*** (0.00174) |
0.00629** (0.00295) |
| Cancer = missing | −0.0605*** (0.0160) |
−0.0441* (0.0260) |
−0.0987*** (0.0250) |
| CAD = Yes | 0.00415*** (0.000557) |
0.00357*** (0.00112) |
0.00811*** (0.00181) |
| CAD = missing | −0.202*** (0.0168) |
−0.205*** (0.0274) |
−0.177*** (0.0278) |
| Heart failure | 0.0300*** (0.000630) |
0.0307*** (0.00130) |
0.0299*** (0.00208) |
| Hypertension | 0.0124*** (0.000506) |
0.0135*** (0.000969) |
0.0124*** (0.00170) |
| Diabetes | 0.00775*** (0.000602) |
0.00519*** (0.00116) |
0.00906*** (0.00202) |
| Asthma/COPD | 0.00759*** (0.000578) |
0.00721*** (0.00116) |
0.00856*** (0.00189) |
| PVD = Yes | 0.0185*** (0.000975) |
0.0190*** (0.00193) |
0.0181*** (0.00316) |
| PVD = missing | 0.145*** (0.00686) |
0.135*** (0.0153) |
0.134*** (0.0177) |
| Pneumonia | 0.0323*** (0.000872) |
0.0293*** (0.00175) |
0.0341*** (0.00277) |
| Septicemia | 0.0435*** (0.00195) |
0.0402*** (0.00420) |
0.0389*** (0.00605) |
| UTI | 0.0283*** (0.000649) |
0.0277*** (0.00131) |
0.0283*** (0.00202) |
| Wound infect | 0.0689*** (0.00169) |
0.0691*** (0.00369) |
0.0633*** (0.00517) |
| Hip fracture | 0.0129*** (0.000867) |
0.0100*** (0.00162) |
0.0139*** (0.00296) |
| Other fracture | 0.0140*** (0.000708) |
0.0134*** (0.00141) |
0.0108*** (0.00241) |
| Stroke | 0.00679*** (0.000740) |
0.00858*** (0.00159) |
0.00338 (0.00232) |
| Anxiety | 0.00977*** (0.000584) |
0.00941*** (0.00117) |
0.0126*** (0.00193) |
| Depression | 0.00187*** (0.000500) |
0.00324*** (0.000964) |
0.00339* (0.00174) |
| Bipolar disorder | 0.00751*** (0.00181) |
0.00613 (0.00396) |
0.0112** (0.00556) |
| Psychotic disorder | 0.0118*** (0.00148) |
0.0110*** (0.00320) |
0.0197*** (0.00417) |
| Schizophrenia | −0.00501** (0.00237) |
−0.00992* (0.00557) |
−0.00335 (0.00612) |
| Respiratory failure | 0.0123*** (0.00183) |
0.00972*** (0.00376) |
0.0115** (0.00571) |
| Anemia | 0.00734*** (0.000494) |
0.00784*** (0.000973) |
0.00693*** (0.00172) |
| Ulcerative Colitis/Crohn’s disease = 1 | 0.00859*** (0.00218) |
0.0158*** (0.00441) |
−0.00478 (0.00700) |
| Ulcerative Colitis/Crohn’s disease = missing | 0.384*** (0.00712) |
0.369*** (0.0146) |
0.403*** (0.0143) |
| Viral hepatitis | 0.0115** (0.00513) |
0.0198* (0.0107) |
−0.00326 (0.0149) |
| Seizure disorder or epilepsy | 0.000686 (0.00121) |
0.00158 (0.00260) |
−0.00399 (0.00371) |
| Index Hospitalization | |||
| DRG Weights | 0.00405*** (0.000241) |
0.00392*** (0.000494) |
0.00380*** (0.000783) |
| Hospital LOS: less than 3 days | −0.0111*** (0.000474) |
−0.0121*** (0.000916) |
−0.0103*** (0.00161) |
| Hospital LOS: more than 8 days | 0.0293*** (0.000613) |
0.0291*** (0.00127) |
0.0290*** (0.00191) |
| ICU use | 0.0122*** (0.000569) |
0.0119*** (0.00115) |
0.0129*** (0.00187) |
| Prior hosp_30 | 0.0321*** (0.000746) |
0.0324*** (0.00157) |
0.0337*** (0.00230) |
| Prior hosp_180 | 0.0152*** (0.000638) |
0.0144*** (0.00132) |
0.0197*** (0.00200) |
| Prior hosp_365 | 0.00949*** (0.000616) |
0.00993*** (0.00122) |
0.00634*** (0.00188) |
| Surgical DRG | 0.000524 (0.000900) |
0.000266 (0.00177) |
0.00167 (0.00297) |
| MDS-based Other Conditions | |||
| End-stage prognosis | −0.0191*** (0.00323) |
−0.0188*** (0.00620) |
−0.0300*** (0.0104) |
| Fall(30day) = Yes | 0.000310 (0.000549) |
0.000391 (0.00109) |
−0.00122 (0.00186) |
| Fall(30day) = Unable to answer | 0.0131*** (0.00157) |
0.0184*** (0.00373) |
0.00554 (0.00430) |
| Fall(30day) = missing | −0.0213*** (0.00392) |
−0.00703 (0.00815) |
−0.0342*** (0.0102) |
| Fall(31-180day) = Yes | −0.00106 (0.000647) |
−0.000720 (0.00131) |
−0.00112 (0.00219) |
| Fall(31-180day) = Unable to answer | 0.00852*** (0.00104) |
0.00817*** (0.00219) |
0.0154*** (0.00315) |
| Fall(31-180day) = missing | 0.0164*** (0.00307) |
0.0113* (0.00616) |
0.0246*** (0.00816) |
| Venous/Arterial ulcer present | 0.0174*** (0.00202) |
0.0152*** (0.00395) |
0.0195*** (0.00592) |
| Infection of the foot | 0.0222*** (0.00254) |
0.0206*** (0.00549) |
0.0130* (0.00750) |
| Diabetic foot ulcer | 0.0274*** (0.00354) |
0.0203*** (0.00765) |
0.0247** (0.0106) |
| Dehydrate | 0.0377*** (0.00516) |
0.0463*** (0.0118) |
0.0253* (0.0150) |
| Internal bleeding | 0.140*** (0.00334) |
0.129*** (0.00672) |
0.140*** (0.0104) |
| Pain freq: 1 Almost constant | 0.000705 (0.00105) |
−0.000594 (0.00218) |
0.00112 (0.00328) |
| Pain freq: 2 Frequently | −0.00357*** (0.000702) |
−0.00218 (0.00138) |
−0.00226 (0.00216) |
| Pain freq: 3 Occasionally | −0.0103*** (0.000614) |
−0.00948*** (0.00121) |
−0.00916*** (0.00196) |
| Pain freq: 4 Rarely | −0.0141*** (0.00105) |
−0.0129*** (0.00195) |
−0.0139*** (0.00362) |
| Pain freq: Unable to answer | −0.00634* (0.00366) |
0.00622 (0.00801) |
0.00631 (0.0115) |
| Surgical wound | 0.000265 (0.000820) |
0.00135 (0.00158) |
−7.89e-05 (0.00264) |
| Bowel continent: 2 occasionally incontinent | 0.00901*** (0.000737) |
0.00937*** (0.00148) |
0.0113*** (0.00240) |
| Bowel continent: 3 frequently incontinent | 0.00872*** (0.000771) |
0.00908*** (0.00155) |
0.0144*** (0.00243) |
| Bowel continent: 4 always incontinent | 0.0151*** (0.00108) |
0.0184*** (0.00237) |
0.0115*** (0.00311) |
| Bowel continent: 9 not rated | 0.0511*** (0.00301) |
0.0448*** (0.00647) |
0.0525*** (0.00890) |
| Shortness of breath with exertion | 0.00998*** (0.000822) |
0.0102*** (0.00170) |
0.00736*** (0.00261) |
| Shortness of breath sitting | 0.0700*** (0.00169) |
0.0765*** (0.00358) |
0.0592*** (0.00484) |
| Shortness of breath lying | 0.00976*** (0.00120) |
0.0130*** (0.00249) |
0.0118*** (0.00377) |
| Parenteral/IV feeding | 0.0852*** (0.00322) |
0.0869*** (0.00653) |
0.0690*** (0.00820) |
| Feeding tube | 0.0173*** (0.00203) |
0.0156*** (0.00452) |
0.0239*** (0.00569) |
| Ostomy care | 0.00802*** (0.00294) |
0.00840 (0.00606) |
−0.00245 (0.00908) |
| Antibiotic received = YES | −0.00664*** (0.000524) |
−0.00358*** (0.00105) |
−0.00699*** (0.00172) |
| Antibiotic received = missing | −0.140*** (0.00656) |
−0.123*** (0.0145) |
−0.125*** (0.0161) |
| Insulin injection | 0.00950*** (0.000780) |
0.0119*** (0.00159) |
0.0102*** (0.00254) |
| Year= 2012 | 0.00704*** (0.00100) |
0.0114*** (0.00263) |
0.00658* (0.00346) |
| Year = 2013 | 0.00473*** (0.00116) |
0.00865*** (0.00288) |
0.00704 (0.00437) |
| Year= 2014 | 0.00418*** (0.00125) |
0.0102*** (0.00302) |
−0.000567 (0.00496) |
| Constant | −0.0656*** (0.00296) |
−0.0904*** (0.00600) |
−0.0524*** (0.00912) |
| Observations | 2,011,351 | 493,699 | 195,755 |
| R-squared | 0.134 | 0.137 | 0.130 |
| Number of facilities | 14,704 | 5,640 | 3,983 |
Note: ADRD (Alzheimer’s disease or related dementias); NH (nursing home); ADL (activities of daily living); CFS (cognitive function scale); CAD (Coronary artery disease); COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); PVD (Peripheral Vascular Disease); UTI (urinary tract infection); DRG (diagnosis related group); ICU (intensive care unit); IV (intravenous)
*
Difference statistically significant at the 10% level
**
Difference statistically significant at the 5% level
***
Difference statistically significant at the 1% level