Table 3.
Characteristics of NP-Based Nanoformulations with Cyclopamine or All-Trans Retinoic Acid
| Natural Products | Nanomaterials | Co-Loaded | Size (nm) | PDI | Zeta Potential (mV) | Entrapment Efficiency (%) | Drug Loading (%) | Target CSCs | Mechanism | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyclopamine | Hyaluronic acid functional amphipathic and redox-responsive polymer particles | Doxorubicin | 245.3 | 0.11 | - | 58.2/70.6 | - | Breast cancer | ↓ The number and size of tumor spheres | [130] |
| N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer | - | - | - | - | - | - | Prostate cancer | ↓ CD133 | [131] | |
| N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer-cyclopamine/docetaxel conjugate | - | - | - | - | - | 6.6/7.2 | Prostate cancer | ↑ Apoptosis ↓ CD133+CSCs |
[132] | |
| mPEG-b-PCC-g-PTX/CYP-g-DC | Paclitaxel | 76.37 ± 0.15 | 0.273 | - | 14.50 ± 1.60 | 5.36 ± 0.07 | Prostate cancer | ↓ Hedgehog signaling and colony formation ↑ Tumor suppressor miRNA expression |
[133] | |
| All-trans retinoic acid | Nanoparticles | Doxorubicin | 151.6 | - | 1.8 | 40.01 | 3.05 | Breast cancer | ↑ Differentiation of CSCs | [137] |
| Albumin nanoparticles | - | 180.63 ± 0.38 | 0.180 ± 0.007 | 32.1 ± 0.42 | 93 | 8.37 | Lung cancer | ↑ Uptake of ATRA, apoptosis ↓ Cell growth |
[138] | |
| Lipid-polymer nanoparticles | - | 125.2 ± 9.9 | 0.18 ± 0.08 | -16.3 ± 7.2 | 86.4 ± 5.6 | 10.5 ± 4.5 | Osteosarcoma | ↓ CD44+ CSCs | [139] | |
| Nanoparticles | - | 106.7 ± 8.7 | 0.17 ± 0.18 | -11.5 ± 5.3 | 84.5 ± 6.9 | 8.4 ± 3.4 | Gastric cancer | ↓ CD44+ and CD133+ gastric CSCs | [140] | |
| FA-modified chitosan (CSO)-derived polymer micelles | Doxorubicin | 73.34 | 0.209 | 25.4 | - | - | Breast cancer | ↑ Apoptosis ↓ Stemness and metastasis |
[142] | |
| Stealth liposomes | - | 81.1 ± 0.8 nm | 0.18 ± 0.01 | -6.1± 1.4 | >90 | 9.3 ± 0.1 | Breast cancer | ↑ Differentiation and cell cycle arrest ↓ Proliferation |
[143] | |
| Electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers | - | 929 | - | - | 86.2 | 12.17 | Glioblastoma | ↑ Differentiation ↑ Effect of photothermal therapy |
[144] | |
| Gold nanostars-dendritic polyglycerol | - | 68.1 | - | 13.9 | - | 54.5 | Breast cancer | ↓ Stemness gene expression, tumor sphere formation, self-renewal and tumor growth | [145] |
Notes: PDI, polydispersity index;↑, increase or promote;↓, decrease or inhibit; -, no data available.