Table 4.
Characteristics of NP-Based Nanoformulations with Flavonoids or Alkaloids
| Natural Products | Nanomaterials | Co-loaded | Size (nm) | PDI | Zeta Potential (mV) | Entrapment Efficiency (%) | Drug Loading (%) | Target CSCs | Mechanism | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-Mangostin | PLGA nanoparticle | - | 186.3 ± 6.42 | - | 0.03 ± 0.005 | 51.16 ± 2.61 | - | Pancreatic cancer | ↓ Sonic hedgehog pathway, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, self-renewal, proliferation, colony formation ↑ Apoptosis |
[150] |
| PLGA nanoparticles | - | - | - | - | - | - | Colorectal cancer | ↓ Notch pathway ↓ Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and self-renewal capacity |
[151] | |
| Garcinol | HA-coated GA-loaded PLGA nanoparticles |
- | 158.8 | 0.192 | 47.4 | 60.31 | 5.02 | Breast cancer | ↓ Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1α and HIF-2α) ↓ Notch pathway |
[152] |
| Silibinin | Liposomes | Carbazole | 63.0 ± 1.0 | 0.26 ± 0.007 | 10.7 ± 0.3 | 99.1 ± 0.02 | 10 | Prostate cancer | ↓ Colony formation and migration ↑ Apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest |
[156] |
| Polymersome | - | 221.7 ± 59.23 | 0.32 | - | 94.86 ± 0.07 | 15.81 ± 0.57 | Pancreatic cancer | ↑ Apoptosis ↓ Migration and proliferation |
[159] | |
| Polymersome | - | 219.2 | 0.32 | -12.15 | 94.86 | 15.81 | Pancreatic cancer | ↑ Apoptosis ↓ Migration and proliferation |
[160] | |
| Catechin | Carbon nanotubes | - | 11 | 0.354 | - | - | - | Prostate cancer | ↑ Radiosensitivity ↓ Nanog, Oct4 and β-catenin |
[162] |
| Resveratrol | Liposomes | - | - | - | - | - | - | Glioblastoma | ↑ Caspases 3/7 | [163] |
| Liposomes | - | 200 | - | - | - | - | Glioblastoma | ↑ Apoptosis | [164] | |
| Nanoparticle. | - | 198.5 ± 0.28 | 0.196 ± 0.020 | 3.40 ± 0.976 | - | - | Oral cancer | ↑ Cytokines ↓ Invasion, proliferation and growth of CSCs |
[165] | |
| Camptothecin | Nanoparticle | - | - | - | - | - | - | Breast Cancer | ↓ Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α | [169] |
| Nanoparticle | All-trans retinoic acid | 150 | - | - | - | 6.7 | Breast Cancer | ↓ Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α ↑ Differentiation of CSCs into non-CSCs, reactive oxygen species |
[170] | |
| Nanocapsules | Fluorouridine and lovastatin | 107.72 ± 10.78 | 0.152 ± 0.013 | -26.45 ± 5.33 | 67.6 | 68.3 | Triple-negative Breast Cancer | ↓ Growth and metastasis of CSCs | [171] | |
| Berberine | Liposomes | - | 96.88 ± 1.81 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | -8.98 ± 0.96 | 93.5 ± 3.14 | - | Breast Cancer | ↓ ABC transporters (ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCC3, ABCG2) and Bcl-2 ↑ Apoptosis |
[174] |
| Piperlongumine | PLGA based nanoparticle | - | 251 | 0.3 | - | 95 | 9.5 | Triple-negative Breast Cancer | ↓ Self-renewal, stemness, chemoresistance, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and aggressiveness ↓ STAT3 |
[175] |
| Tetrandrine | Liposomes | Vinorelbine | 102.05 ± 0.99 | 0.193 ± 0.003 | 24.35 ± 4.76 | 89.453 ± 1.86 | - | glioma | ↑ Apoptosis | [176] |
Note: ↑, increase or promote;↓, decrease or inhibit; -, no data available.
Abbreviation: PDI, polydispersity index