TABLE 2.
Association of ACE1 I/D and ACE2 rs1978124 Genotypes/Alleles Distribution with Susceptibility to COVID-19, Adjusted by Age, Sex, Cigarette Smoking, Diabetes Mellitus, HTN, CVD, and renal diseases.
| Genotypes alleles N (%) | Study group | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 56) | COVID-19 (n = 470) | p-value (Chi-square) | p-value | OR-95%CI- (L-U) | p-value | OR-95%CI- (L-U) | ||
| ACE1 I/D | II | 9 (16.1%) | 107 (22.8%) | — | — | — | — | — |
| ID | 30 (53.6%) | 215 (45.7%) | 0.428 | 0.204 | 0.603 (0.276–1.315 | 0.435 | 0.722 (0.318–1.636) | |
| DD | 17 (30.4%) | 148 (31.5%) | — | 0.470 | 0.732 (0.314–1.705) | 0.958 | 1.024 (0.417–2.515) | |
| II | 9 (16.1%) | 107 (22.8%) | — | — | — | — | — | |
| ID + DD | 47 (83.9%) | 363 (77.2%) | 0.253 | 0.256 | 0.650 (0.308–1.368) | 0.262 | 0.823 (0.376–1.802) | |
| II + ID | 39 (69.6%) | 322 (68.5%) | — | — | — | — | — | |
| DD | 17 (30.4%) | 148 (31.5%) | 0.863 | 0.863 | 1.054 (0.578–1.925) | 0.418 | 1.306 (0.684–2.491) | |
| I | 48 (42.9%) | 429 (45.6%) | — | — | — | — | — | |
| D | 64 (68.8%) | 511 (54.4%) | 0.576 | 0.576 | 0.893 (0.601–1.327) | — | — | |
| ACE2 rs1978124 | Female | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| CC | 6 (19.4%) | 7 (3.6%) | — | — | — | — | — | |
| CT | 14 (45.2%) | 72 (37.5%) | <0.001 | 0.018 | 4.408 (1.285–15.105) | 0.051 | 3.968 (0.992–15.871) | |
| TT | 11 (35.5%) | 113 (58.9%) | — | <0.001 | 8.805 (2.513–30.853) | 0.003 | 8.452 (2.087–34.236) | |
| CC | 6 (19.4%) | 7 (3.6%) | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TT + CT | 25 (80.6%) | 185 (96.4%) | <0.001 | 0.002 | 6.343 (1.973–20.389) | 0.008 | 5.994 (1.587–22.25) | |
| CC + CT | 20 (64.5%) | 79 (41.1%) | — | — | — | — | — | |
| TT | 11 (35.5%) | 113 (58.9%) | 0.015 | 0.018 | 2.601 (1.180–5.730) | 0.017 | 2.740 (1.197–6.273) | |
| C | 26 (41.9%) | 86 (22.4%) | — | — | — | — | — | |
| T | 36 (62.9%) | 298 (77.6%) | <0.001 | 0.001 | 2.503 (1.432–4.375) | — | — | |
| Male | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| C | 6 (24%) | 73 (26.3%) | — | — | — | — | — | |
| T | 19 (76%) | 205 (73.7%) | 0.805 | 0.807 | 0.887 (0.341–2.307) | — | — | |
The significant p values are in bold, N (%): number (percentage). Abbreviations: ACE, Angiotensin-converting enzyme; I, insertion; D, deletion; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; L, lower; U, upper; COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019.