TABLE 4.

Comparison of kinematic measurements during the gait, degrees of dorsiplantar flexion, and inversion‐eversion in different phases of the gait, between the stable ankle in the CAI group and the stable ankles in the control group

Variables	CAI group Stable Ankle (n = 15) (mean ± SD)	Control group Right Ankle (n = 15) (mean ± SD)	p‐value	Control group Left Ankle (n = 15) (mean ± SD)	p‐value
Ankle‐toe (degrees)	17.9 ± 6.1	18.7 ± 4.1	0.84	18.4 ± 3.7	0.82
Ankle‐toe velocity (m/s)	0.7 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.1	0.01	1.2 ± 0.2	0.01
Ankle‐toe acceleration (m/s2)	6.3 ± 1.5	8.5 ± 1.6	0.01	9.9 ± 2.8	0.01
Ankle‐toe angular velocity (radiant/s)	0.4 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.2	0.43	0.3 ± 0.1	0.69
Ankle‐toe angular acceleration (radiant/s2)	1.7 ± 1.4	1.5 ± 0.4	0.46	1.8 ± 0.3	0.53
Dorsoplantar flexion RoM (degrees)	93.2 ± 3.5	93.7 ± 3.9	0.64	90.5 ± 3.0	0.37
Inversion‐eversion RoM (degrees)	12.9 ± 7.3	26.9 ± 4.6	<0.001	25.6 ± 2.4	<0.001
Dorsiplantar flexion a
Initial contact	−5.0 ± 2.7	6.3 ± 1.4	<0.001	5.1 ± 1.5	<0.001
Loading response	−5.8 ± 0.9	0.5 ± 1.4	<0.001	−0.3 ± 1.2	<0.001
Mid‐stance	11.2 ± 5.9	17.8 ± 2.5	<0.001	14.7 ± 3.9	0.002
Terminal stance	−1.2 ± 1.1	−4.5 ± 1.9	0.003	−6.7 ± 4.9	0.001
Pre‐swing	−13.1 ± 2.6	−8.8 ± 3.9	0.003	−10.4 ± 3.9	0.010
Swing	4.8 ± 6.2	8.4 ± 4.7	0.01	8.8 ± 3.4	0.010
Inversion‐Eversion b
Initial contact	13.5 ± 3.8	1.5 ± 3.8	<0.001	1.9 ± 5.2	<0.001
Loading response	4.4 ± 3.2	−3.4 ± 4.1	0.003	−4.1 ± 2.5	0.002
Mid‐stance	12.9 ± 7.4	6.3 ± 3.6	0.004	4.6 ± 3.3	0.001
Terminal stance	11.5 ± 3.2	3.9 ± 3.4	<0.001	4.4 ± 5.6	0.001
Pre‐swing	−5.9 ± 3.8	−9.6 ± 4.8	0.003	−11.3 ± 3.9	0.001
Swing	10.8 ± 4.9	4.7 ± 4.1	0.004	6.2 ± 5.1	0.01

Bold indicates significance values p < 0.05.

Abbreviations: RoM, Range of Motion; CAI, chronic lateral ankle instability

^aPositive values show plantar flexion and negative values indicate dorsiflexion

^b Positive values show inversion and negative values indicate eversion.