Figure 4.

LPS-TLR4 signaling is required for the restoration of Sin A in gut inflammation and intestinal barrier function in NAFLD mice. Mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=5–8). HFD-fed mice were orally treated with vehicle (HFD), Sin A (80 mg/kg, Sin A), CLI-095 (2 mg/kg, CLI-095), or CLI-095 plus Sin A (CLI-095+ Sin A) for 6 weeks. (A) Changes in TG and TC in serum (n=7–8 per group). (B) Hepatic TG and TC levels (n=7–8 per group). (C) Representative images of H&E staining of liver tissue (Scale bars 50 μm). The key gene expression associated with (D) fatty acids biogenesis and (E) fatty acid uptake and oxidation in liver sections (n=5–8 per group). (F) Changes in hepatic gene expression related to inflammation response. Results of gene expression associated with (G) ileum inflammation response and (H) tight junction molecules (n=5–8 per group). Values are expressed as means ± SD. Statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA for the multiple-group comparisons. p*<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0. 001. Srebp-1c, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c; Acaca, acetyl-CoA carboxylases alpha; Fasn, fatty acid synthase; Mogat1, Monoacylglycerol O-altransferase 1; Pparg, peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma; Scd-1, stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1; Cd36, cluster of differentiation 36; Fatp5, fatty acid transport protein 5; Acat1, cholesterol acyltransferase 1; Acox1, acyl-CoA oxidase 1; Mcad, medium-chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase; Tnfa, tumor necrosis factor α; Il6, interleukin 6; Il10, interleukin10; Nos2, Nitric Oxide Synthase2; Zo-1, zonula occludens-1; Muc2, mucin2; Reg3g, Regenerating islet-derived protein 3 gamma; Reg3β, Regenerating islet-derived protein 3 beta.