Table 2.

Factors associated with loneliness among participants with dementia in multiple logistic regression models

	Model 1a (n = 335)			Model 2a (n = 268)			Model 3a (n = 241)
	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
Sociodemographic and social aspects
Age group, years
85 (reference)
90	0.56	0.31–0.99	.045	0.64	0.33–1.22	.171	0.58	0.27–1.22	.149
≥ 95	0.72	0.41–1.29	.269	0.75	0.39–1.46	.399	0.85	0.40–1.84	.685
Female gender	1.40	0.80–2.44	.235	1.83	0.96–3.47	.066	1.78	0.86–3.68	.121
Widowhood:
Not being widowed
Being widowed ≥ 5 years	1.35	0.73–2.48	.337	0.97	0.46–2.00	.923	0.72	0.31–1.68	.447
Being widowed < 5 years	2.49	1.02–6.09	.045	1.45	0.52–4.06	.481	0.94	0.29–2.98	.909
Lives alone	4.67	1.61–9.47	< .001	4.58	1.77–11.86	.002	6.65	2.26–19.55	< .001
Aspects of Social participation
Being visited during the last week (≥ 2 times/week)				0.65	0.38–1.11	.113	0.84	0.45–1.58	.590
Experience visiting others, Often/sometimes				0.65	0.35–1.18	.154	0.89	0.45–1.79	.752
Someone who can help				0.48	0.17–1.33	.158	0.55	0.17–1.78	.319
Medications and assessments
Neuroleptics							1.49	0.56–3.96	.426
Self-rated health as good, (SF-36)							0.71	0.38–1.33	.288
Depressive symptoms, (GDS-15)							1.41	1.22–1.62	< .001
Fear of falling							1.21	0.65–2.26	.541

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SF-36, 36-item short-form health survey; GDS-15, 15-item geriatric depression scale. Nagelkerke R²: model 1a = 0.151, model 2a = 0.180, model 3a = 0.353