Table 3.
Factors associated with loneliness among participants without dementia in multiple logistic regression models
| Model 1b (n = 811) | Model 2b (n = 775) | Model 3b (n = 747) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
| Sociodemographic and social aspects | |||||||||
| Age group, years | |||||||||
| 85 (reference) | |||||||||
| 90 | 1.06 | 0.75–1.51 | .741 | 1.01 | 0.70–1.47 | .942 | 0.87 | 0.58–1.32 | .512 |
| ≥ 95 | 1.54 | 0.99–2.40 | .054 | 1.25 | 0.79–1.99 | .340 | 1.04 | 0.62–1.76 | .876 |
| Female gender | 0.86 | 0.61–1.21 | .384 | 0.83 | 0.58–1.20 | .330 | 0.85 | 0.57–1.28 | .438 |
| Nursing home residents | 0.79 | 0.52–1.20 | .271 | 0.72 | 0.46–1.12 | .142 | 0.59 | 0.35–0.99 | .046 |
| Lives alone | 9.47 | 5.99–14.99 | < .001 | 10.12 | 6.29–16.27 | < .001 | 10.85 | 6.51–18.08 | < .001 |
| Have deceased children | 1.14 | 0.78–1.68 | .504 | 1.12 | 0.75–1.66 | .580 | 1.01 | 0.66–1.56 | .966 |
| Having financial security | 0.37 | 0.15–0.87 | .023 | 0.41 | 0.17–0.97 | .042 | 0.49 | 0.17–1.16 | .097 |
| Aspects of social participation | |||||||||
| Have visited others during the last week (≥ 1 time/week) | 0.98 | 0.68–1.41 | .912 | 1.20 | 0.81–1.79 | .369 | |||
| Experience visiting others, Often/sometimes | 0.69 | 0.47–1.01 | .056 | 0.94 | 0.61–1.44 | .762 | |||
| Experience being visited, Often/sometimes | 0.70 | 0.47–1.05 | .083 | 0.77 | 0.50–1.20 | .253 | |||
| Having a good friend to talk to | 0.84 | 0.57–1.26 | .406 | 0.91 | 0.58–1.42 | .685 | |||
| Having a family member to talk to | 0.86 | 0.44–1.69 | .669 | 1.02 | 0.49–2.10 | .963 | |||
| Someone who cares about you | 0.49 | 0.18–1.34 | .165 | 0.73 | 0.25–2.14 | .563 | |||
| Medical conditions, medications and assessments | |||||||||
| Vision impairment | 1.52 | 0.83–2.80 | .175 | ||||||
| Analgesics | 0.95 | 0.64–1.39 | .777 | ||||||
| Antipsychotics | 1.65 | 0.80–3.42 | .178 | ||||||
| Self-rated health as good, (SF-36) | 1.02 | 0.69–1.51 | .930 | ||||||
| Independent in P-ADL, (Barthel ADL-index) | 1.32 | 0.86–2.03 | .209 | ||||||
| Independent in I-ADL, (ADL-staircase) | 0.89 | 0.58–1.38 | .607 | ||||||
| MMSE (0–30) | 0.94 | 0.89–1.01 | .071 | ||||||
| Depressive symptoms, (GDS-15) | 1.41 | 1.28–1.56 | < .001 | ||||||
| Fear of falling | 0.97 | 0.67–1.40 | .866 | ||||||
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SF-36, 36-item short-form health survey; P-ADL, personal activities of daily living (Barthel ADL Index); I-ADL, instrumental activities of daily living (ADL staircase); MMSE, mini-mental state examination; GDS-15, 15-item geriatric depression scale. Nagelkerke R2: model 1b = 0.235, model 2b = 0.263, model 3b = 0.37