TABLE 1.
Pre‐study participant characteristics
| Normal testosterone (≥ 10.5 nmol/L, n = 24) | Low testosterone (< 10.5 nmol/L, n = 44) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 25 ± 3 | 25 ± 2 |
| Weight, kg | 85.2 ± 8.3 | 82.4 ± 9.8 |
| Height, cm | 177 ± 6 | 178 ± 6 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.0 ± 1.6 | 25.9 ± 2.2* |
| Basal metabolic rate, kcal/d | 1840 ± 114 | 1817 ± 125 |
| HEI diet quality score | 63 ± 11 | 68 ± 9* |
| HEI component scores a | ||
| Total vegetables | 3.6 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 0.9* |
| Greens and beans | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 4.7 ± 0.7* |
| Total fruit | 3.6 ± 1.4 | 4.1 ± 1.2 |
| Whole fruit | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 1.3 |
| Whole grains | 3.7 ± 2.2 | 3.7 ± 2.5 |
| Total dairy | 6.7 ± 2.4 | 6.6 ± 2.2 |
| Total protein | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.3 |
| Seafood/plant protein | 4.2 ± 1.0 | 4.3 ± 1.1 |
| Fatty acids | 4.7 ± 2.5 | 5.5 ± 2.3 |
| Sodium | 3.1 ± 2.2 | 3.4 ± 2.0 |
| Refined grains | 9.5 ± 1.0 | 9.4 ± 1.1 |
| SoFAAS | 10.8 ± 4.6 | 13.2 ± 3.5* |
| Dietary intake | ||
| Total calories, kcal/d | 2304 ± 729 | 2646 ± 839 |
| Protein, g | 105 ± 38 | 123 ± 43 |
| Protein, g/kg | 1.25 ± 0.48 | 1.51 ± 0.55** |
| Total fat, g | 99 ± 38 | 109 ± 40 |
| Carbohydrates, g | 242 ± 75 | 294 ± 98* |
| Exercise habits, d/wk | ||
| Aerobic | 4.3 ± 1.2 | 4.9 ± 1.2** |
| Upper body pushing | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 3.4 ± 1.6 |
| Upper body pulling | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 1.6 |
| Lower body | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 1.6 |
| Core | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 1.7 |
| Sleep, h/d | 6.6 ± 1.1 | 6.7 ± 0.8 |
Note: Mean ± standard deviation. Independent Student's t‐tests were used to compare means between groups
Abbreviations: HEI, Healthy Eating Index 2010; SoFAAS, solid fats, alcohols, and added sugars.
a
Higher scores represent better diet quality. Minimum score for each component is zero. Maximum score for total vegetables, greens and beans, total fruit, whole fruit, total protein, and seafood and plant protein is 5. Maximum score for whole grains, total dairy, fatty acids, sodium, and refined grains is 10. Maximum score for SoFAAS is 20.
*
p < 0.05.
**
p < 0.06.