TABLE 3.

Changes in biochemical measures by post‐SERE hormonal status

	Post‐SERE testosterone status
	Normal testosterone (n = 24, ≥ 10.5 nmol/L)			Low testosterone (n = 44, < 10.5 nmol/L)			p‐value
	Pre	Post	Δ	Pre	Post	Δ	Group	Time	Interaction
Testosterone, nmol·L−1	19.6 ± 4.5a*	14.1 ± 3.4b*	−5.5 ± 4.2	16.4 ± 4.4a	7.5 ± 1.8b	−8.9 ± 4.6	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.0045
Free testosterone a , pmol·L−1	392 ± 92a	188 ± 56b*	−204 ± 90	359 ± 122a	106 ± 32b	−254 ± 123	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
SHBG, nmol·L−1	37.9 ± 12.4	64.1 ± 18.4	26.2 ± 10.9	31.2 ± 9.2	54.7 ± 14.0	23.6 ± 9.8	0.012	< 0.0001	0.31
DHEAs a , umol·L−1	6.73 ± 2.34	9.20 ± 3.51	2.47 ± 2.69	6.58 ± 2.00	8.11 ± 3.02	1.59 ± 2.74	0.39	< 0.0001	0.19
LH a , IU·L−1	3.94 ± 1.44	4.63 ± 2.20	0.68 ± 1.86	3.85 ± 1.60	5.46 ± 2.36	1.60 ± 2.20	0.54	0.0001	0.067
GH a , ug·L−1	0.14 ± 0.15a	0.90 ± 1.44b	0.76 ± 1.41	0.34 ± 0.78a	1.00 ± 2.51b	0.65 ± 1.99	0.96	< 0.0001	0.047
IGF‐1 a , nmol·L−1	38.4 ± 14.9	24.5 ± 9.3	−13.9 ± 16.9	45.3 ± 18.4	25.8 ± 13.2	−20.1 ± 20.5	0.40	< 0.0001	0.21
Glucose a , mmol·L−1	4.57 ± 0.19	5.28 ± 0.50	0.71 ± 0.51	4.65 ± 0.31	5.26 ± 0.73	0.61 ± 0.69	0.82	< 0.0001	0.42
Insulin a , pmol·L−1	25.3 ± 9.7	32.0 ± 20.5	6.7 ± 21.1	24.2 ± 12.0a	55.8 ± 56.7b	32.1 ± 54.5	0.18	0.0001	0.014
hsCRP a , mg·L−1	2.02 ± 1.78	3.10 ± 4.21	1.08 ± 4.52	1.59 ± 2.26	2.49 ± 2.96	0.93 ± 3.43	0.28	0.18	0.90
IL6 a , pg·ml−1	8.0 ± 11.0	10.8 ± 13.7	2.9 ± 3.6	6.0 ± 5.2	8.1 ± 7.2	2.2 ± 4.2	0.55	< 0.0001	0.60
NPY, pmol·L−1	99 ± 33	67 ± 25	−31 ± 28	100 ± 34	67 ± 27	−33 ± 28	0.95	< 0.0001	0.77
Prolactin a , ug·L−1	11.1 ± 3.8	7.7 ± 2.8	−3.4 ± 3.2	13.0 ± 5.5	8.4 ± 3.6	−4.6 ± 5.6	0.17	< 0.0001	0.56
Cortisol, nmol·L−1	450 ± 94	473 ± 115	23 ± 103	478 ± 115	478 ± 121	2 ± 126	0.53	0.43	0.46
Epinephrine a , pmol·L−1	302 ± 152	445 ± 201	144 ± 231	317 ± 170	388 ± 185	76 ± 197	0.55	< 0.0001	0.21
Norepinephrine a , pmol·L−1	3186 ± 1944	3437 ± 1534	250 ± 1757	2605 ± 1318a	3902 ± 1498b	1343 ± 1727	0.91	< 0.0001	0.016
Amino acids, μmol·L−1
Total	2877 ± 147	3161 ± 405	238 ± 435	2630 ± 593a	3450 ± 556b	776 ± 759	0.88	0.0001	0.039
Essential	1043 ± 162	1033 ± 182	32 ± 183	918 ± 187a	1149 ± 260b	232 ± 294	1.00	0.032	0.033
Branched chain	574 ± 108	539 ± 121	13 ± 112	488 ± 104a	594 ± 160b	121 ± 162	0.80	0.13	0.040
Leucine	162 ± 31	142 ± 37	−12 ± 33	138 ± 27	161 ± 51	24 ± 54	0.91	0.80	0.045

Note: Mean ± standard deviation. Linear mixed models were used to assess the effects of testosterone status group, time, and their interaction on outcome measures. If a significant interaction effect was observed, post hoc comparisons were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni correction. Data not sharing the same lowercase letter within a group are different and *indicates a between group difference at that particular time point (group‐by‐time interaction, p < 0.05).

^a Indicates variable was log transformed for statistical analysis.

Abbreviations: DHEAs, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; GH, growth hormone; IGF‐1, insulin‐like growth factor 1; IL‐6, interleukin 6; LH, luteinizing hormone; NPY, neuropeptide Y; SHBG, sex hormone‐binding globulin.