The histological analysis of the repairment of the defect with different hydrogels after 12-week implantation. A) Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson's trichrome staining of SF and SMS were injected in a rabbit maxillary sinus for 12 weeks to evaluate bone regeneration. B) Immunohistochemical staining for VEGF and OCN. C) Representative images of sequential fluorescent labeling of the new bone formation by Tetracycline Hydrochloride (TE), Calcein (CA) and Alizarin Red S (AL). (White circle in dotted line: ROI in maxillary sinus). Quantitative analysis of D) remnant gel area in HE staining, E) new bone area in Masson's trichrome staining, and F) new bone formation rate: the proportion of fluorescence area in ROI to the total area of ROI, respectively. (***p < 0.005, ****p < 0.001).