TABLE 3.
Pharmacological effects of CACH.
| Crude Drug/compounds | Model method | Dose range/concentration | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant Activity | ||||
| Flavonoids in QZQ | Female BALB/C mice infected with RSV | 20–80 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | The mechanism of antioxidant effect may be related to NF-κB signaling pathway | Liu et al. (2021) |
| TFCH | HFD-induced male C57BL/6 mice; free fatty acid-induced LX-2 cells | Cell:25–200 mg/ml | The antioxidant effect increased with increasing dose | Shi et al. (2020) |
| Mice:25–100 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | ||||
| PTFC | HFD-induced male LVG Syrian golden hamsters | 25–100 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | SOD and MDA tests proved that PTFC could reduce the level of oxidative stress | Ling et al. (2020) |
| Anti-inflammatory Activity | ||||
| PTFC | LVG male golden hamster | 25–100 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | PTFC could down-regulate the serum inflammatory factors, and the 100 mg/kg·d−1 group has the best effect | Ye et al. (2020) |
| Components of Dry peel | lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cell | 20 μM | Various derivatives of nootkatone, scoparone and limonin showed inhibitory effect on TNF-α | Hu et al. (2020) |
| TFCH | OVA-induced mice model | 25–100 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | TFCH suppresses OVA-induced inflammatory cells recruitment | Wang et al. (2021) |
| TFCH | HFD-induced Male SD rats | 25–100 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | The anti-inflammatory effect increases with dose | Jiang et al. (2019) |
| PTFC | HFD-induced male LVG Syrian golden hamsters | 25–100 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | PTFC reduced inflammatory damage by reducing levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in serum and liver cells | Ling et al. (2020) |
| Hepatoprotective Activity | ||||
| PTFC | HFD indu ced male C57BL/6 mice | 25–100 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | PTFC could delay the progression of NAFLD by inhibiting NLRP3. 100 mg/kg·d−1 is significant | Yu et al. (2019) |
| PTFC | HFD induced male C57BL/6 mice | 25–100 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | PTFC improved liver function by improving mitochondrial dysfunction | Chen et al. (2014) |
| TFCH | OVA-induced mice | 25–100 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | TFCH inhibited airway inflammation and remodeling in allergic asthma | Wang et al. (2021) |
| PTFC | HFD-induced C57BL/6 J mice | 50 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | PTFC could improve NASH via the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism | He et al. (2021) |
| Hypoglycemic activity | ||||
| PTFC | HFD-induced male SD rats | 50–200 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | PTFC could regulate lipid metabolism by improving antioxidant capacity of the mice | Yang et al. (2017) |
| Purification of naringin and neohesperidin from CACH | HepG2 cells; Glucose consumption assay | 0.5–25 μg/ml | Cells treated with naringin and neohesperidin showed increased consumption of glucose | Zhang et al. (2012) |
| PTFC | LVG male golden hamster | 25–100 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | PTFC could improve hepatic steatosis of hyperlipidemia golden hamsters, and 100 mg/kg·d−1 group has the best efficacy | Ye et al. (2020) |
| PTFC | HFD-induced male LVG Syrian golden hamsters | 25–100 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | PTFC significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels related to liver function of golden hamsters | Ling et al. (2020) |
| Respiratory protection | ||||
| TFCH | OVA-induced mice | 25–100 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | TFCH suppresses OVA-induced inflammatory cells recruitment | Wang et al. (2021) |
| Total flavonoids of CACH | Female BALB/C mice infected with RSV | 20–80 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | With the increase of concentration, the effect of improving asthma increased | Liu et al. (2021) |
| Intestinal adjustment | ||||
| Fermented CACH juice | HFD-induced C57BL/6 J mice; expressed genes in GO enrichment | 10 mg/kg·d−1 | The juice ameliorated the gut dysbiosis caused by obesity. When receiving fermented CACH juice treatment, a dramatic decrease in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes occurred | Yan et al. (2020) |
| PTFC | HFD-induced C57BL/6 J mice | 50 mg/kg·d−1 i.g | PTFC treatment increased the phylogenetic diversity of the HFDinduced microbiota dysbiosis | He et al. (2021) |
| PTFC | Diclofenac-Induced male SD rats; Diclofenac sodium-Induced IEC-6 | Cell: 1 mg/ml | PTFC treatment alleviates NSAIDS induced intestinal injury and protects the intestinal mucosal barrier in rats by upregulating autophagy | Chen et al. (2021) |
| Rat: 100 mg/kg/d i.g | ||||