Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of pre- and postmenopausal Korean women aged 40–60 years old
| Characteristic | Premenopausal women (n=1,979) | Postmenopausal women (n=1,489) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 45.21±3.81 | 54.76±3.55 | <0.001 |
| Parity | 3.41±1.65 | 3.99±1.92 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.57±3.23 | 24.03±3.05 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 77.96±8.77 | 81.05±8.87 | <0.001 |
| Oral contraceptive uses (%) | 13.09 | 21.22 | <0.001 |
| Menopausal hormone therapy (%) | 3.08 | 20.95 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 8.34 | 24.31 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 2.68 | 7.12 | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 5.41 | 18.06 | <0.001 |
| Education levels | <0.001 | ||
| Elementary school graduate | 8.84 | 37.68 | |
| Middle or high school graduate | 62.05 | 52.65 | |
| University graduate | 29.11 | 9.67 | |
| House income levels | 0.606 | ||
| Low | 23.0 | 24.3 | |
| Lower-middle | 25.4 | 24.2 | |
| Upper-middle income | 24.7 | 25.8 | |
| High | 26.9 | 25.7 | |
| High carbohydrate uptake (%) | 46.59 | 50.78 | 0.007 |
| High fat uptake (%) | 54.47 | 39.75 | <0.001 |
| Intensive physical activity (%) | 17.23 | 14.03 | 0.011 |
| Mild physical activity (%) | 14.70 | 16.25 | 0.231 |
| Walking activity (%) | 39.71 | 42.31 | 0.130 |
| Current smoking (%) | 4.25 | 3.97 | 0.680 |
| Alcohol, ≥1 time per month (%) | 46.07 | 32.79 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 112.39±15.50 | 120.65±17.33 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73.60±10.21 | 76.87±10.40 | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 186.61±32.45 | 203.82±36.51 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 51.14±10.92 | 50.37±11.52 | 0.050 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 114.33±28.79 | 127.26±32.76 | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 105.72±70.54 | 130.96±91.04 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 94.98±20.83 | 97.88±20.71 | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (IU/mL) | 9.52±3.94 | 9.82±4.52 | 0.056 |
Values are expressed as means±standard deviation or number. Statistical comparisons were conducted using the t-test for continuous variables and Pearson’s chi-squared test for categorical variables.
BP, blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.