Table 3.
Multivariable regression analysis for HOMA-IR in middle-aged women divided by their menopausal status
| Variable | HOMA-IR | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Premenopausal women (n=1,979) | Postmenopausal women (n=1,489) | |||||
|
|
|
|||||
| Estimate | 95% CI | P-value | Estimate | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Trunk fat percentage | 0.02 | 0.01 to 0.03 | 0.010 | 0.01 | 0.00 to 0.03 | 0.134 |
|
| ||||||
| Leg fat percentage | −0.03 | −0.05 to −0.02 | <0.001 | −0.03 | −0.05 to −0.01 | 0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Arm fat percentage | 0.00 | −0.01 to 0.01 | 0.901 | 0.01 | −0.01 to 0.03 | 0.385 |
|
| ||||||
| Age | −0.03 | −0.04 to −0.01 | <0.001 | 0.00 | −0.02 to 0.02 | 0.946 |
|
| ||||||
| BMI | 0.10 | 0.07 to 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.02 to 0.11 | 0.005 |
|
| ||||||
| Waist circumference | 0.01 | 0.00 to 0.02 | 0.217 | 0.02 | 0.01 to 0.04 | 0.003 |
|
| ||||||
| Parity | −0.01 | −0.04 to 0.02 | 0.713 | 0.03 | −0.01 to 0.07 | 0.144 |
|
| ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.40 | 1.10 to 1.71 | <0.001 | 1.03 | 0.74 to 1.31 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Hypertension | 0.06 | −0.13 to 0.24 | 0.543 | 0.16 | −0.03 to 0.34 | 0.094 |
|
| ||||||
| Dyslipidemia | 0.17 | −0.06 to 0.39 | 0.140 | 0.02 | −0.17 to 0.21 | 0.830 |
|
| ||||||
| Menopausal hormone therapy | - | - | - | 0.08 | −0.09 to 0.26 | 0.346 |
|
| ||||||
| Oral contraceptive use | 0.01 | −0.01 to 0.01 | 0.901 | - | - | - |
|
| ||||||
| Alcohol, ≥1 time per month | −0.06 | −0.16 to 0.04 | 0.239 | −0.14 | −0.29 to 0.02 | 0.081 |
|
| ||||||
| Current smoking | −0.25 | −0.49 to −0.01 | 0.044 | 0.03 | −0.34 to 0.40 | 0.861 |
|
| ||||||
| Intensive physical activity | −0.18 | −0.31 to −0.05 | 0.008 | −0.08 | −0.28 to 1.12 | 0.456 |
|
| ||||||
| Moderate physical activity | −0.04 | −0.18 to 0.10 | 0.557 | −0.09 | −0.28 to 0.10 | 0.369 |
|
| ||||||
| Walking activity | −0.07 | −0.17 to 0.03 | 0.179 | 0.00 | −0.14 to 0.14 | 0.988 |
|
| ||||||
| HDL-C | 0.00 | −0.01 to 0.00 | 0.135 | −0.01 | −0.01 to 0.00 | 0.079 |
|
| ||||||
| Triglycerides | 0.00 | 0.00 to 0.00 | <0.001 | 0.00 | −0.01 to 0.00 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||
| Total cholesterol | 0.00 | 0.00 to 0.00 | 0.629 | 0.00 | 0.00 to 0.00 | 0.398 |
|
| ||||||
| Systolic BP | 0.01 | 0.00 to 0.01 | 0.009 | 0.00 | −0.01 to 0.01 | 0.962 |
|
| ||||||
| Diastolic BP | −0.01 | −0.01 to 0.00 | 0.231 | 0.00 | −0.01 to 0.01 | 0.701 |
|
| ||||||
| High carbohydrate uptake | 0.07 | −0.02 to 0.17 | 0.139 | −0.11 | −0.25 to 0.03 | 0.137 |
|
| ||||||
| High fat uptake | −0.03 | −0.13 to 0.07 | 0.595 | −0.04 | −0.18 to 0.11 | 0.619 |
|
| ||||||
| Household income levels | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| 1st quartile | 0.06 | −0.08 to 0.19 | 0.409 | 0.07 | −0.14 to 0.27 | 0.526 |
|
| ||||||
| 2nd quartile | Reference | - | - | Reference | - | - |
|
| ||||||
| 3rd quartile | 0.01 | −0.12 to 0.15 | 0.835 | −0.01 | −0.20 to 0.19 | 0.928 |
|
| ||||||
| 4th quartile | 0.02 | −0.12 to 0.16 | 0.806 | −0.07 | −0.27 to 0.14 | 0.517 |
|
| ||||||
| Education levels | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| ≤Elementary school | Reference | - | - | Reference | - | - |
|
| ||||||
| Middle or high school | 0.07 | −0.11 to 0.26 | 0.422 | 0.04 | −0.12 to 0.20 | 0.603 |
|
| ||||||
| University graduate | 0.16 | −0.05 to 0.37 | 0.141 | 0.03 | −0.25 to 0.31 | 0.815 |
HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BP, blood pressure.