TABLE 3.

CCL regeneration strategies.

	Strategy
Conventional strategies	Subchondral drilling
	Microfracture
Allograft implantation	Autologous chondrocyte implantation
	Matrix-associated ACI
	Autologous and allogeneic osteochondral transplantation
OTE and CTE cell-based strategies	Digestion reagent-based strategies
	Chemotactic agent-based strategies
	Biomaterial-based strategies
OTE and CTE scaffold-based strategies	(Chemically modified) Scaffold (mostly hydrogels)
	Multi-phased layer scaffold
	Growth factor-induced BMSCs/scaffold
	Novel designed scaffold (3D printing)

OTE, osteochondral tissue engineering; CTE, cartilage tissue engineering.