Skip to main content
. 2022 Sep 19;22:615. doi: 10.1186/s12888-022-04232-3

Table 3.

Hierarchical regression analysis predicting loneliness

Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
B SE β t B SE β t B SE β t ΔR2 R2Adj
Block 1 – Socio-demographics (F(4,999) = 14.00; p < 0.001) 0.05 0.05
 Gendera 0.36 0.11 0.10 3.17** 0.33 0.11 0.09 3.02** 0.28 0.10 0.08 2.83**
 Marital statusb −0.06 0.10 −0.02 − 0.66 − 0.02 0.09 − 0.01 − 0.21 − 0.13 0.08 − 0.04 −1.57
 Chronic health conditionsc − 0.55 0.15 − 0.12 −3.73*** − 0.66 0.15 − 0.14 −4.48*** − 0.24 0.14 − 0.05 −1.77
 Self-reported health statusd 0.62 0.12 0.17 5.36*** 0.22 0.13 0.06 1.72 0.04 0.12 0.01 0.33
Block 2 – Lifestyle factors (F(9,994) = 17.57; p < 0.001) 0.08 0.13
 Physical exercisec 0.52 0.11 0.14 4.70*** 0.40 0.10 0.11 3.96***
 Internet browsing hoursd 0.27 0.07 0.15 4.04*** 0.15 0.06 0.08 2.51*
 Social media usee 0.15 0.06 0.09 2.42* 0.15 0.06 0.09 2.64**
 Alcohol consumptionc −0.75 0.21 −0.11 −3.49** −0.65 0.19 −0.09 −3.32**
 Self-reported quality of lifef 0.59 0.13 0.15 4.46*** 0.44 0.12 0.12 3.70***
Block 3 – Psychiatric symptoms (F(13,990) = 33.36; p < 0.001) 0.17 0.30
 Fear of COVID-19 −0.01 0.01 −0.04 −1.32
 Anxiety 0.10 0.01 0.25 6.96***
 Depression 0.03 0.01 0.09 2.60*
 Insomnia 0.06 0.01 0.21 6.97***

B Unstandardized regression coefficient, SE Standard error, β Standardized regression coefficient; a1 = Male, 2 = Female; b1 = Unmarried, 2 = Married, 3 = In a relationship; c1 = Yes, 2 = No; d1 = < 2 hours, 2 = 2–4 hours, 3 = 4–6 hours, 4 = > 6 hours; e1 = Not at all, 2 = Rarely, 3 = Sometime, 4 = Often, 5 = Always; f1 = Good, 2 = Poor. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001