Table 6.
Hierarchical regression analysis predicting insomnia
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | β | t | B | SE | β | t | B | SE | β | t | ΔR2 | R2Adj | |
| Block 1 - Socio-demographics (F(4,999) = 21.45; p < 0.001) | 0.08 | 0.08 | ||||||||||||
| Age | 0.03 | 0.08 | 2.44* | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.77 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.36 | |||
| Monthly household incomea | 0.19 | 0.14 | 4.61*** | 0.86 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 4.51*** | 0.80 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 4.60*** | |||
| Chronic health conditionsb | 0.53 | −0.17 | −5.42*** | −3.02 | 0.52 | −0.18 | −5.78*** | −1.94 | 0.48 | −0.11 | −4.02*** | |||
| Self-reported health statusc | 0.42 | 0.14 | 4.64*** | 0.92 | 0.46 | 0.07 | 2.00* | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.03 | 1.05 | |||
| Block 2 – Lifestyle factors (F(15,988) = 16.52; p < 0.001) | 0.12 | 0.19 | ||||||||||||
| Worry due to COVID-19b | −2.07 | 0.44 | −0.14 | −4.69*** | −1.16 | 0.42 | −0.08 | −2.74** | ||||||
| Prolonged home quarantineb | 2.35 | 0.50 | 0.14 | 4.70*** | 1.98 | 0.46 | 0.12 | 4.32*** | ||||||
| Unemployment of family members due to COVID-19b | −1.44 | 0.47 | −0.10 | −3.05** | −1.19 | 0.43 | −0.09 | −2.75** | ||||||
| Food scarcityb | −1.49 | 0.48 | −0.11 | −3.11** | −1.17 | 0.44 | −0.09 | −2.69** | ||||||
| Average sleep durationc | −1.59 | 0.29 | −0.16 | −5.52*** | −1.44 | 0.27 | −0.15 | −5.44*** | ||||||
| Physical exerciseb | 1.31 | 0.40 | 0.10 | 3.31** | 0.66 | 0.37 | 0.05 | 1.81 | ||||||
| Internet browsing hoursd | 0.78 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 3.20** | 0.41 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 1.83 | ||||||
| Social media usee | 0.49 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 2.15* | 0.40 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 1.92 | ||||||
| Tobacco smokingb | 0.36 | 0.53 | 0.02 | 0.67 | 0.11 | 0.48 | 0.01 | 0.22 | ||||||
| Alcohol consumptionb | −1.99 | 0.81 | −0.08 | −2.46* | −1.59 | 0.74 | −0.06 | −2.14* | ||||||
| Self-reported quality of lifef | 1.30 | 0.47 | 0.09 | 2.75** | 0.53 | 0.44 | 0.04 | 1.21 | ||||||
| Block 3 – Psychiatric symptoms (F(19,984) = 26.22; p < 0.001) | 0.14 | 0.32 | ||||||||||||
| Loneliness | 0.79 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 7.11*** | ||||||||||
| Fear of COVID-19 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 3.85*** | ||||||||||
| Anxiety | 0.27 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 5.18*** | ||||||||||
| Depression | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.70 | ||||||||||
B Unstandardized regression coefficient, SE Standard error, β Standardized regression coefficient; a1 = < 20,000, 2 = 20,000-30,000, 3 = 30,000-40,000, 4 = > 40,000; b1 = Yes, 2 = No; c1 = < 7 hours, 2 = 7–9 hours, 3 = > 9 hours; d1 = < 2 hours, 2 = 2–4 hours, 3 = 4–6 hours, 4 = > 6 hours; e1 = Not at all, 2 = Rarely, 3 = Sometime, 4 = Often, 5 = Always; f1 = Good, 2 = Poor. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001