. 2022 Sep 19;22:615. doi: 10.1186/s12888-022-04232-3

Table 7.

Hierarchical regression analysis predicting fear of COVID-19

Variables	*Model 1*				*Model 2*				*Model 3*
Variables	B	SE	β	t	B	SE	β	t	B	SE	β	t	ΔR²	R²_Adj
Block 1 - Socio-demographics (F_(3,1000) = 13.01; p < 0.001)													0.04	0.04
Age	0.12	0.03	0.17	4.99***	0.08	0.03	0.11	3.25**	0.07	0.02	0.09	2.66**
Marital status^a	0.46	0.33	0.05	1.41	0.60	0.31	0.06	1.93	0.43	0.30	0.05	1.45
Monthly household income^b	0.01	0.17	0.00	0.04	−0.02	0.17	0.00	−0.13	−0.14	0.16	−0.03	−0.86
Block 2 – Lifestyle factors (F_(11,992) = 15.86; p < 0.001)													0.12	0.14
Worry due to COVID-19^c					−3.37	0.39	−0.27	−8.74***	−3.04	0.37	−0.25	−8.22***
Decreased household income due to COVID-19^c					0.21	0.40	0.02	0.53	0.27	0.38	0.02	0.72
Unemployment of family members due to COVID-19^c					0.56	0.41	0.05	1.36	0.94	0.39	0.08	2.39*
Food scarcity^c					−0.99	0.44	−0.09	−2.26*	−0.74	0.42	−0.06	−1.75
Average sleep duration^d					−0.64	0.25	−0.08	−2.53*	− 0.44	0.25	− 0.05	−1.80
Internet browsing hours^e					0.13	0.21	0.02	0.61	−0.11	0.20	−0.02	− 0.55
Social media use^f					−0.22	0.20	−0.04	−1.12	− 0.20	0.19	− 0.04	− 1.07
COVID-19 news exposure^c					−1.46	0.36	−0.12	−4.05***	−1.51	0.34	−0.13	−4.41***
Block 3 – Psychiatric symptoms (F_(15,988) = 20.12; p < 0.001)													0.08	0.22
Loneliness									−0.09	0.10	−0.03	− 0.91
Anxiety									0.21	0.05	0.17	4.26***
Depression									0.11	0.04	0.10	2.73**
Insomnia									0.11	0.03	0.13	4.00***

B Unstandardized regression coefficient, SE Standard error, β Standardized regression coefficient; ^a1 = Unmarried, 2 = Married, 3 = In a relationship; ^b1 = < 20,000, 2 = 20,000-30,000, 3 = 30,000-40,000, 4 = > 40,000; ^c1 = Yes, 2 = No; ^d1 = < 7 hours, 2 = 7–9 hours, 3 = > 9 hours; ^e1 = < 2 hours, 2 = 2–4 hours, 3 = 4–6 hours, 4 = > 6 hours; ^f1 = Not at all, 2 = Rarely, 3 = Sometime, 4 = Often, 5 = Always. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001