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. 2022 Sep 19;297(6):1711–1740. doi: 10.1007/s00438-022-01954-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 13 — A dominant majority of high-confidence LTR-regulated down-stream target genes constitutes genes expression of which is affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection and defined as genetic markers of differentiation of multiple types of human cells and tissues. Panel A reports the number of genes expression of which is affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection (1696 genes); the number of genes defined as genetic markers of differentiation of human cells and tissues (1558 genes); the number of genes assigned to both viral infection and cellular differentiation categories (1368 genes); and the cumulative number of genes identified as SARS-CoV-2 infection targets and/or human cells’ and tissues’ differentiation genes (1886 genes) among 1944 genes comprising high-confidence down-stream regulatory targets of retroviral LTRs. Panels B–E illustrate disorderly effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection (B–D) and influenza H1N1 strain A-CA-04-2009 (H1N1) infection (E) on expression of LTR-regulated human cells’ and tissues’ differentiation genes. Panels F, G summarize the experimental evidence documenting a strict direct correlation between the numbers of LTR-regulated human cells’ and tissues’ differentiation genes and the numbers of LTR-regulated genes expression of which is significantly affected by viral infections of 15 different viruses