Table 3.
Hazard ratios (HRs) for cancer outcomes among three CRP groups based on observation data (compared with low CRP (≤1 mg/L) group, the hazard ratio for cancer risk among average/high CRP groups (per 1 mg/L higher CRP concentration))
| Low CRP (<1 mg/L) | Average CRP (1 to 3 mg/L) | High CRP (>3 mg/L) | FDR-adjusted Ptrend | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (incident cases) | No. (incident cases) | HR (95%CI) | P | No (incident cases) | HR (95%CI) | P | |||
| Overall cancer | 166,888 (12,380) | 160,143 (13,793) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.07) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 93,933 (8806) | 1.15 (1.12, 1.18) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Head & neck (C00–14) | 154,674 (166) | 146,535 (185) | 1.06 (0.85, 1.31) | 0.617 | 0.006 | 85,283 (156) | 1.46 (1.15, 1.85) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Esophagus (C15) | 154,643 (136) | 146,558 (208) | 1.20 (0.96, 1.49) | 0.115 | 0.064 | 85,273 (146) | 1.31 (1.01, 1.68) | 0.038 | 0.038 |
| Stomach (C16) | 154,605 (97) | 146,482 (132) | 1.10 (0.84, 1.44) | 0.500 | 0.064 | 85,232 (106) | 1.38 (1.02, 1.87) | 0.034 | 0.035 |
| Colorectal (C18–20) | 155,467 (959) | 147,536 (1186) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.21) | 0.019 | <0.001 | 85,917 (791) | 1.27 (1.14, 1.40) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Liver (C22) | 154,584 (76) | 146,453 (103) | 1.10 (0.81, 1.50) | 0.523 | 0.003 | 85,230 (103) | 1.73 (1.25, 2.40) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Gallbladder (C23–24) | 154,553 (45) | 146,399 (49) | 0.82 (0.54, 1.24) | 0.344 | 0.818 | 85,172 (45) | 1.06 (0.67, 1.68) | 0.805 | 0.818 |
| Pancreas (C25) | 154,678 (170) | 146,590 (240) | 1.15 (0.94, 1.41) | 0.164 | 0.212 | 85,286 (159) | 1.18 (0.93, 1.50) | 0.162 | 0.154 |
| Lung (C33–34) | 154,927 (419) | 147,068 (718) | 1.37 (1.21, 1.55) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 85,882 (755) | 2.08 (1.83, 2.36) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Melanoma (C43) | 155,064 (559) | 146,902 (552) | 1.01 (0.89,1.14) | 0.936 | 0.792 | 85,437 (310) | 1.03 (0.89, 1.21) | 0.661 | 0.684 |
| Non-melanotic skin (C44) | 158,800 (4294) | 150,650 (4,303) | 0.99 (0.95,1.04) | 0.743 | 0.818 | 87,430 (2305) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.814 | 0.785 |
| Breast (C50) | 83,335 (1704) | 77,468 (1940) | 1.15 (1.08, 1.23) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 51,446 (1371) | 1.20 (1.11, 1.31) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Uterus (C54–55) | 81,841 (210) | 75,810 (281) | 1.01 (0.84, 1.21) | 0.957 | 0.116 | 50,382 (306) | 1.20 (0.97, 1.47) | 0.087 | 0.074 |
| Ovary (C56) | 81,804 (173) | 75,744 (215) | 1.27 (1.03, 1.56) | 0.028 | 0.024 | 50,223 (147) | 1.37 (1.07, 1.76) | 0.014 | 0.011 |
| Prostate (C61) | 74,992 (2116) | 73,042 (2221) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) | 0.832 | 0.221 | 36,092 (1043) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.134 | 0.171 |
| Kidney (C64) | 154,689 (181) | 146,631 (282) | 1.26 (1.04, 1.53) | 0.018 | <0.001 | 85,362 (235) | 1.64 (1.33, 2.03) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Bladder (C67) | 154,689 (181) | 146,581 (231) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 0.929 | 0.562 | 85,281 (154) | 1.09 (0.87, 1.38) | 0.447 | 0.460 |
| CNS (C70–72) | 154,662 (154) | 146,523 (173) | 1.11 (0.89, 1.40) | 0.346 | 0.185 | 85,232 (105) | 1.23 (0.94, 1.62) | 0.129 | 0.126 |
| Thyroid (C73) | 154,590 (82) | 146,441 (91) | 1.09 (0.80, 1.49) | 0.596 | 0.818 | 85,179 (52) | 0.93 (0.63, 1.38) | 0.711 | 0.789 |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (C82–85, 96) | 154,862 (354) | 146,772 (422) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.32) | 0.078 | <0.001 | 85,447 (320) | 1.53 (1.30, 1.81) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Multiple myeloma (C90) | 154,670 (163) | 146,502 (152) | 0.82 (0.65, 1.03) | 0.082 | 0.058 | 85,211 (84) | 0.74 (0.55, 0.98) | 0.039 | 0.029 |
| CLL (C91) | 154,675 (167) | 146,491 (141) | 0.74 (0.58, 0.93) | 0.010 | 0.015 | 85,205 (78) | 0.69 (0.51, 0.92) | 0.012 | 0.006 |
Adjusted for age, sex (female, male), ethnic (White, Asian, African, mixed background, unknown), education (no degree, degree, unknown), Townsend deprivation index, standing height, BMI, smoking status (never, previous, current, unknown), alcohol use (never, previous, current, unknown), physical activity (<600 MET/week, 600–3000 MET/week, ≥3000 MET/week), family cancer (no, yes), and assessment center. Additionally adjusted for menopausal (no, yes, not sure, unknown), oral contraceptive use (never, ever, unknown), hormone replacement therapy (never, ever, unknown) for female. CNS, central nervous system; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia