Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics
| Characteristic | CZ (n = 1800) | SK (n = 1018) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | n (%) | ||||
| Male | 877 (48.7) | 496 (48.7) | |||
| Female | 923 (51.3) | 522 (51.3) | |||
| Age | M (SD) | 46.4 (17.4) | 46.2 (16.6) | ||
| Education | n (%) | ||||
| Primary | 141 (7.8) | 137 (13.5)* | |||
| Skilled operative | 442 (24.6) | 272 (26.7) | |||
| High school graduate | 854 (47.4)* | 382 (37.5) | |||
| College | 363 (20.2) | 227 (22.3) | |||
| Marital status | n (%) | ||||
| Single | 439 (24.4) | 225 (22.1) | |||
| Married | 929 (51.6) | 553 (54.3) | |||
| Divorced | 158 (8.8) | 72 (7.1) | |||
| Widow/widower | 133 (7.4) | 78 (7.7) | |||
| Unmarried partner | 141 (7.8) | 90 (8.8) | |||
| Child maltreatment (CTQ) | n (%) | (a) | (b) | (a) | (b) |
| Emotional abuse | 262 (14.6)* | 375 (20.8)* | 119 (11.7) | 161 (15.8) | |
| Physical abuse | 210 (11.7) | 210 (11.7) | 112 (11.0) | 112 (11.0) | |
| Sexual abuse | 126 (7.0) | 189 (10.5) | 68 (6.7) | 93 (9.1) | |
| Emotional neglect | 337 (18.7) | 900 (50.0) | 174 (17.1) | 490 (48.1) | |
| Physical neglect | 642 (35.7) | 642 (35.7) | 364 (35.8) | 364 (35.8) | |
| 1 type of child maltreatment | 398 (22.1) | 459 (25.5) | 217 (21.3) | 260 (25.5) | |
| 2 types of childhood maltreatment | 192 (10.7) | 335 (18.6) | 92 (9.0) | 178 (18.4) | |
| Emotional abuse + neglect | 152 (8.4) | 315 (17.5)* | 77 (7.6) | 142 (13.9) | |
| ≥ 3 types of childhood trauma | 206 (11.4) | 312 (17.3) | 111 (10.9) | 150 (14.7) | |
| Long-term diseases | n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 371 (20.6)* | 172 (16.9) | |||
| Ischemic heart disease | 70 (3.9) | 31 (3.0) | |||
| Obesity | 183 (10.2)* | 53 (5.2) | |||
| Diabetes | 182 (10.1)* | 64 (6.3) | |||
| Allergy | 364 (20.2)* | 124 (12.2) | |||
| Eczema | 156 (8.7)* | 51 (5.0) | |||
| Asthma | 166 (9.2)* | 45 (4.4) | |||
| Gastroduodenal ulcer | 56 (3.1) | 41 (4.0) | |||
| Thyroid gland disease | 152 (8.4)* | 35 (3.4) | |||
| Migraine | 223 (12.4)* | 81 (8.0) | |||
| Back pain | 631 (35.1) | 320 (31.4) | |||
| Arthritis | 122 (6.8) | 42 (4.1) | |||
| Pain of unclear origin | 99 (5.5) | 66 (6.5) | |||
| Pelvic pain | 68 (3.8) | 41 (7.9) | |||
| Depression and anxiety | 125 (6.9)* | 38 (3.7) | |||
| Numbers of long-term diseases | n (%) | ||||
| No long-term disease (“healthy”) | 406 (22.6) | 375 (36.8)* | |||
| 1 long-term disease | 513 (28.5) | 276 (27.1) | |||
| 2 long-term diseases | 394 (21.9)* | 175 (17.2) | |||
| 3 and more long-term diseases | 487 (27.1)* | 192 (18.9) | |||
| Alcohol use disorder | 184 (10.2)* | 69 (6.8) | |||
| Nicotine use disorder | 295 (16.4)* | 126 (12.4) | |||
Note: M Mean, SD Standard deviation; (a) occurrence of childhood trauma according to Walker’s clinical cut-off scoring [7] (b) occurrence of childhood trauma according to Bernstein’s cut-off scoring [24], where a low occurrence is already considered to be trauma, *p < 0.05 assessed by Z-test calculator for 2 samples [25], the p-value indicates the differences between the two samples