Table 4.
Odds ratios of the occurrence of long-term diseases in association with various types of childhood trauma in Czech and Slovak representative samples adjusted for gender and age
| Long-term disease | Czech sample (n = 1800) | Slovak sample (n = 1018) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of abuse or neglect | n(%) | OR (95%CI) | n(%) | OR (95%CI) | |
| Pain of unclear origin |
99 (5.5) |
66 (6.5) |
|||
| Emotional abuse | 4.2 (2.3–7.7)*** | 6.0 (2.8–13.0)*** | |||
| Physical abuse | 2.3 (1.2–4.4)* | 2.1 (0.9–4.8) | |||
| Sexual abuse | 1.5 (0.6–3.5) | 1.6 (0.5–5.1 | |||
| Emotional neglect | 2.2 (1.3–3.7)** | 5.0 (2.6–9.9)*** | |||
| Physical neglect | 2.1 (1.3–3.3)** | 2.3 (1.3–4.1)** | |||
| Emotional abuse + neglect | 4.1 (2.0–8.5)*** | 6.9 (2.6–18.0)*** | |||
| ≥ 3 types of trauma | 3.8 (2.0–7.4)* | 6.3 (2.7–14.6)*** | |||
| Pelvic pain |
68 (3.8) |
41 (7.9) |
|||
| Emotional abuse | 4.4 (2.4–8.4)*** | 4.5 (1.7–12.0)** | |||
| Physical abuse | 2.2 (1.0–4.6)* | 4.3 (1.5–11.9)** | |||
| Sexual abuse | 2.0 (0.8–4.7) | 1.6 (0.4–6.3) | |||
| Emotional neglect | 1.9 (1.0–3.5)* | 4.7 (1.9–11.6)*** | |||
| Physical neglect | 2.0 (1.2–3.4)* | 2.5 (1.3–4.8)** | |||
| Emotional abuse + neglect | 3.8 (1.7–8.5)*** | 5.7 (1.7–19.1)** | |||
| ≥ 3 types of trauma | 3.4 (1.8–7.5)*** | 6.5 (2.3–19.0)*** | |||
| Depression and anxiety |
125 (6.9) |
38 (3.7) |
|||
| Emotional abuse | 3.8 (2.2–6.5)*** | 13.8 (5.7–33.2)*** | |||
| Physical abuse | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 3.8 (1.5–9.7)** | |||
| Sexual abuse | 1.6 (0.7–3.4) | 4.0 (1.3–12.8)* | |||
| Emotional neglect | 2.2 (1.4–3.6)*** | 7.8 (3.5–17.4)*** | |||
| Physical neglect | 2.4 (1.6–3.7)*** | 3.8 (1.8–7.9)*** | |||
| Emotional abuse + neglect | 3.1 (1.5–6.4)** | 21.2 (7.6–59.3)*** | |||
| ≥ 3 types of trauma | 2.7 (1.4–5.1)** | 13.3 (5.0–35.5)*** | |||
| More than 3 long-term diseases |
487 (27.1) |
192 (18.9) |
|||
| Emotional abuse | 3.9 (2.5–6.0)*** | 5.5 (3.0–10.8)*** | |||
| Physical abuse | 2.2 (1.4–3.4)*** | 2.7 (1.4–5.2)** | |||
| Sexual abuse | 1.8 (1.1–3.2)* | 2.7 (1.2–5.9)* | |||
| Emotional neglect | 1.7 (1.2–2.4)** | 3.9 (2.2–6.7)*** | |||
| Physical neglect | 1.9 (1.4–2.5)*** | 2.6 (1.7–4.0)*** | |||
| Emotional abuse + neglect | 2.9 (1.7–5.0)*** | 6.9 (3.2–14.9)*** | |||
| ≥ 3 types of trauma | 2.8 (1.8–4.3)*** | 6.1 (3.1–12.0)*** | |||
| Nicotine use disorder |
295 (16.4) |
126 (12.4) |
|||
| Emotional abuse | 1.8 (1.8–2.5)*** | 2.4 (1.4–4.2)** | |||
| Physical abuse | 1.6 (1.1–2.4)* | 1.9 (1.0–3.5)* | |||
| Sexual abuse | 1.6 (1.0–2.6)* | 2.0 (1.0–4.1)* | |||
| Emotional neglect | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 1.1 (0.7–2.0) | |||
| Physical neglect | 1.5 (1.2–2.0)** | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | |||
| Emotional abuse + neglect | 1.8 (1.2–2.8)* | 2.0 (1.0–4.2) | |||
| ≥ 3 types of trauma | 2.0 (1.4–3.0)*** | 2.1 (1.1–3.9)* | |||
| Alcohol use disorder |
184 (10.2) |
69 (6.8) |
|||
| Emotional abuse | 3.0 (0.8–5.9)* | 6.2 (3.2–11.9)*** | |||
| Physical abuse | 1.9 (1.2–2.8)** | 4.3 (2.2–8.5)*** | |||
| Sexual abuse | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 5.0 (2.3–11.0)*** | |||
| Emotional neglect | 1.0 (0.6–1.9) | 1.4 (0.7–2.6) | |||
| Physical neglect | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 1.7 (1.0–3.0)* | |||
| Emotional abuse + neglect | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 4.5 (3.0–6.8)*** | |||
| ≥ 3 types of trauma | 1.5 (0.9–2.4) | 5.0 (2.5–10.1)*** | |||
Note: ***p < 0.001, ** p < 0.005, *p < 0.05; Boldface values denote p < 0.005; The reference group are respondents without long-term disease (“healthy”). Individual types of child maltreatment (“trauma”) are scored according to Walker’s clinical cut-off scoring [7]