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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 19.
Published in final edited form as: Gender Issues. 2021 Oct 3;39(3):291–319. doi: 10.1007/s12147-021-09291-6

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Outcomes Related to Sexual Violence From the Wellness Perspective of the FHORT. Note According to the FHORT, ecological risk and protective factors occur across societal, cultural and community, family and relational, and individual levels. Sexual violence against Indigenous women and girls is considered an outcome of centuries of historical oppression. This oppression began with colonization, has been internalized into the oppressive patriarchal norms targeting women, and results in the disproportionate rates of sexual violence against Indigenous women today. We investigate structural (historical oppression, loss, and discrimination) relational (family resilience, social and community support, stressful events, and adverse childhood experiences (ACE).) psychological/behavioral (alcohol use, PTSD, and psychological resilience) as well as spiritual (spiritual well-being and life satisfaction) dimensions of wellness. In this way, we investigate key concepts of the FHORT (namely historical oppression, resilience (family and psychological) and transcendence (spiritual dimensions of wellness)