Table 2.
Effect of PG-HM on Visceral Weight, Lipid Profile, Liver Function Test, Activities of Pro-Inflammatory Markers and Enzymes of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis After 4 Weeks (Study I) and 8 Weeks (Study II) of Fructose Ingestion by Developing Rats
| Parameters | 4NDR | 4FDR | 4 PGR | 8NDR | 8FDR | 8PGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart (g) | 0.649±0.032 | 0.752±0.103 | 0.690±0.115 | 0.934±0.133 | 0.998±0.054 | 0.836±0.125# |
| Kidney(g) | 0.626±0.098 | 0.759±0.105 | 0.618±0.051 | 0.865±0.060 | 0.888±0.067 | 0.757±0.086# |
| Liver(g) | 4.750±0.543 | 7.367±1.149* | 5.318±0.558# | 6.776±1.191 | 8.162±0.534* | 7.927±0.851 |
| LDL(mg/dl) | 22.066± 13.458 | 37.733±1.342* | 20.2±10.797# | 11.733±2.995 | 13.2±11.301 | 9.80±7.318 |
| HDL(mg/dl) | 74.666± 3.141 | 69.333±7.174 | 64.333±4.033 | 45±2 | 40.333±3.214* | 38.666±3.214 |
| VLDL(mg/dl) | 15.933± 3.796 | 18.266±1.613 | 19.8±10.6177 | 7.933±1.942 | 37.6±14.8* | 35.466±6.171 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 112.666±17.351 | 99.666±5.085 | 100±7.155 | 64.666±2.886 | 65±7 | 64.333±4.041 |
| Triglyceride(mg/dl) | 79.666±18.980 | 91.333±8.066* | 100.333±54.378 | 39.666±9.712 | 188±74* | 177.333±30.859 |
| Insulin (µIU/mL) | 11.967±3.597 | 13.278±4.448 | 11.393±0.231 | 14.754±7.195 | 102.250±8.995* | 43.360±20.735# |
| Uric acid (nmol/mL) | 1346.875±70.374 | 2100±59.844* | 943.75±54.110# | 1162.5±88.388 | 2381.25±35.355* | 987.5±26.516# |
| HIF 1α (ng/mL) | 0.334±0.034 | 0.377±0.025 | 0.191±0.031# | 0.254±0.032 | 2.312±1.766* | 0.337±0.071# |
| VEGF (pg/mL) | 2387±94.280 | 822±10.066* | 323.666±56.568# | 500.333±4.714 | 1068.667±21.213* | 757±37.712# |
| TNF α (pg/mL) | 14,823±38.890 | 17,570.5±49.497* | 14,475.5±67.175# | 14,700.5±247.487 | 15,658±24.748* | 15,180.5±14.142# |
| Protein Level (μg/mL) | 567.7±282.962 | 606.033±98.398 | 461.033± 250.769 | 1401.367±24.041 | 1226.367±18.384* | 1249.8±29.329# |
| Glycogen (mg /100g tissue) | 23.560±10.368 | 84.261±78.347* | 65.795±38.017 | 57.5±14.840 | 174.488±15.918* | 71.25±21.388# |
| LDH (μ Mol) | 0.531±0.180 | 3.406±0.142* | 1.639±0.015# | 1.345±0.159 | 3.401±0.277 | 2.834±2.558 |
| G6Pase (ng/10mg) | 47.095±14.113 | 54.324±23.869 | 103.372±68.800 | 153.507±80.693 | 161.947±95.923 | 69.622±20.25 |
| FBPase (ng/10mg) | 29.897±17.189 | 3.061±16.182* | 48.214±18.610# | 42.015±16.006 | 49.808±33.342 | 27.410±12.174 |
| HK (IU/mL) | 13.333±0.648 | 17.729±21.419 | 6.062±2.916 | 20±7.542 | 4.229±1.207 | 104.125±19.091# |
| ALDH (IU/mL) | 99.516±46.112 | 112.086±104.722* | 12.933±10.687 | 81.636±21.590 | 127.686±57.405 | 83.330±35.888 |
| PFK (ng/mL) | 12.761±2.104 | 18.214±3.552* | 14.678±1.616 | 19.357±4.865 | 12.809±0.353* | 13.071±0.151 |
| ALK(IU/mL) | 10.566±7.841 | 50.215±4.875* | 40.939±16.288 | 22.387±8.945 | 33.616±11.442 | 20.713±16.422 |
Notes: The rise in weight of liver, insulin concentration, triglyceride level, glycogen content, pro-inflammatory markers after fructose ingestion is phenomenal at childhood-adolescence than at early adulthood. All values are mean±SD; (n=6); *p < 0.05 vs NDR; #p < 0.001 vs FDR.
Abbreviations: LDL, Low Density Lipoprotein; VLDL, Very Low Density Lipoprotein; HDL, High Density Lipoprotein; HIF 1α, VEGF TNFα LDH, Lactate Dehydrogenase; G6Pase, glucose-6-phosphatase; FBPase, Fructose −1,6-bisphosphatase; HK, Hexokinase; ALDH, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; PFK, Phosphofructokinase; ALK, Alkaline Phosphatase.