Figure 1.

A: perturbation schedule for the gradual and sudden conditions, with the y-axis indicating the normalized extent of the perturbation and the x-axis indicating epochs of 3 trials (1 per reach target or word). B: equipment configuration for the speech auditory-motor adaptation task. Right: spectrogram for 1 trial of the word “tuck,” with solid turquoise tracking of the participant’s formants and the dashed purple tracks indicating the 250 cents upshift auditory feedback perturbation. C: experimental setup for the reach adaptation task. D, left: location of the 3 targets and central start position for the reach adaptation task. Right: unseen actual hand path (dashed red line) and projected visual feedback path (solid red line) for an early, full 30° counterclockwise perturbation trial.