Fig. 3.

Transitions in surgical phases over time for ground truth, offline testing, and online testing. The left-hand column shows the order from the highest recall value in the nine test datasets. The right-hand column shows the order from the lowest recall value in the nine test datasets. The postprocessing results show inference by the artificial intelligence (AI) model, inference accuracy, and mode algorithm. The original results show inference from the AI model using EfficienteNet-B7 and SAM optimizer. The ground truth results show the time-dependent transition of the correct surgical process