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. 2022 Sep 5;13:961601. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961601

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Copyright © 2022 Paudel, Ghimire, Jin, Jeansonne and Jeyaseelan

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Neutrophil granulopoiesis is a hierarchical program of the hematopoietic system. Granulopoiesis, the process of neutrophil generation and maturation, is characterized by sequential development of distinct granules, surface proteins, and nuclear segmentation. Homeostatic granulopoiesis starts with generation of myeloblasts and promyelocytes (rich in primary azurophilic granules) which depends on expression of GATA-1, C/EBP-α, Gfi-1, and c-Myc genes. The development of secondary specific granules appears in myelocytes (last proliferative stage). C-Myc and C/EBP-ϵ contribute to formation of secondary granules. The development of metamyelocytes with gelatinase granules marks terminal differentiation of neutrophil granulopoiesis. As expression of C/EBP-β, C/EBP-δ, and C/EBP-ζ are upregulated in terminal neutrophil stages, gelatinase granules and secretary vesicles appear and nuclear segmentation intensifies. During emergency granulopoiesis, C/EBP-β takes over the process and an excess amount of neutrophils are generated and released to the bloodstream along with immature neutrophils (band cells).