TABLE 3.
Main characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristics | Control |
HFrEF |
HFmrEF |
HFpEF |
P-value |
| N = 46 | N = 54 | N = 22 | N = 50 | ||
| Age, years | 62 (54, 68) | 66 (58, 74) | 72 (65, 81) | 76 (69, 80) | <0.001 |
| Gender, n(%) | 0.443 | ||||
| Male | 24 (52.17) | 33 (61.11) | 13 (50.09) | 23 (46.00) | |
| Female | 22 (47.83) | 21 (38.89) | 9 (40.91) | 27 (54.00) | |
| Height, cm | 161.5 (160, 168) | 165 (160, 170) | 165 (160, 175) | 164 (160, 170) | 0.281 |
| Weight, kg | 70 (60, 76) | 62 (55, 71) | 69 (60, 85) | 65 (60, 75) | 0.122 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.61 ± 3.52 | 23.37 ± 3.47 | 27.13 ± 6.57 | 25.14 ± 4.51 | 0.003 |
| HR, bpm | 70 (63, 78) | 84 (70, 100) | 79 (68, 93) | 73 (61, 89) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 137 ± 17 | 121 ± 23.40 | 127 ± 20 | 133 ± 21 | 0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 83 (75, 90) | 76 (65, 81) | 75 (64, 85) | 77 (63, 83) | 0.015 |
| Smoking, n(%) | 13 (28.26) | 21 (38.89) | 11 (50.00) | 17 (34.00) | 0.341 |
| NYHA, n(%) | 0.001 | ||||
| I/II | 0 (0) | 13 (24.07) | 6 (27.27) | 31 (62.00) | |
| III/IV | 0 (0) | 41 (75.93) | 16 (72.73) | 19 (38.00) | |
| CHD, n(%) | 24 (52.17) | 31 (57.41) | 17 (77.28) | 38 (76.00) | 0.034 |
| MI, n(%) | 0 (0) | 17 (31.48) | 9 (40.91) | 20 (40.00) | 0.595 |
| Hypertension, n(%) | 22 (47.83) | 19 (35.19) | 12 (54.55) | 31 (62.00) | 0.050 |
| Cardiomyopathy, n(%) | 0 (0) | 14 (25.93) | 1 (4.55) | 4 (8.00) | 0.012 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n(%) | 8 (17.39) | 3 (5.56) | 1 (4.55) | 5 (10.00) | 0.190 |
| AF, n(%) | 5 (10.87) | 13 (24.07) | 7 (31.82) | 12 (24.00) | 0.182 |
| PAH, n(%) | 0 (0) | 5 (9.26) | 2 (9.09) | 6 (10.00) | 0.987 |
| DM, n(%) | 11 (23.91) | 18 (33.33) | 10 (45.45) | 13 (26.00) | 0.266 |
| Drug Use, n(%) | |||||
| Aspirin | 27 (58.70) | 22 (40.74) | 9 (40.91) | 26 (52.00) | 0.265 |
| Aspirin + clopidogrel | 8 (17.39) | 12 (22.22) | 8 (36.36) | 19 (38.00) | 0.079 |
| Statins | 36 (78.26) | 32 (59.26) | 15 (68.18) | 38 (76) | 0.146 |
| β-blocker | 25 (54.35) | 44 (81.48) | 20 (90.91) | 27 (54) | <0.001 |
| ACEI/ARB | 9 (19.57) | 44 (81.48) | 13 (59.09) | 25 (50.00) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 3 (6.52) | 49 (90.74) | 19 (86.36) | 30 (60.00) | <0.001 |
| Blood biochemistry | |||||
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 139 ± 16 | 131 ± 24 | 121 ± 22 | 119 ± 24 | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/L | 0.7 (0.5,1.9) | 4.3 (1.5, 14.3) | 9.5 (0.6, 36.8) | 4.5 (1.1,27.0) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 60 (52, 67) | 72 (58, 92) | 82 (58, 116) | 74 (60, 102) | 0.001 |
| Blood glucose, mmol/L | 5.1 (4.5, 6.2) | 5.4 (4.7, 7.3) | 5.9 (5.5, 8.0) | 5.4 (4.9, 6.3) | 0.015 |
| HbA1c,% | 6.1 ± 0.9 | 6.9 ± 1.6 | 6.7 ± 1.1 | 6.4 ± 1.2 | 0.108 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.18 (3.58, 3.86) | 3.83 (3.18, 4.51) | 3.78 (3.29, 4.48) | 3.89 (3.20, 4.47) | 0.075 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.10 (0.88, 1.71) | 1.18 (0.84, 1.48) | 1.09 (0.79, 1.67) | 1.24 (0.85, 1.67) | 0.353 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.09 (0.89, 1.37) | 0.91 (0.76, 1.61) | 0.93 (0.75, 1.09) | 0.99 (0.74, 1.24) | 0.111 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.48 ± 0.72 | 2.40 ± 0.74 | 2.33 ± 0.79 | 2.23 ± 0.83 | 0.503 |
| Na+, mmol/L | 140.4 (138.4, 142.5) | 140.6 (138.6, 142.6) | 139.8 (137.9, 141.3) | 139.7 (137, 141.9) | 0.336 |
Continuous variables were presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR), and categorical variables were presented as n (%). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Control, non-heart failure participants; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; BMI, body mass index; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CHD, coronary heart disease; MI, myocardial infarction; AF, atrial fibrillation; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; CRP, C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, total triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.