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. 2022 Sep 6;10:982199. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.982199

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Copyright © 2022 Liu, Ha, Xiao, Kim, Jensen, Easley, Yao and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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MSC-harnessing strategies for articular cartilage regeneration in large animal models. Different types of MSCs—autologous, allogenic and xenogenic—were first obtained from adipose tissue (aMSC), bone marrow (bMSC), synovium (sMSC), and human umbilical cords (umMSC & ubMSC). Subsequently, MSCs were pretreated with and/or delivered through (1) 3-D scaffolds, (2) bioactive dissolved molecules, (3) direct cellular modifications, (4) defect targeting systems, and (5) cell-free MSC-derived exosomes, for enhancing cartilage regeneration and/or modulating inflammation. Currently, the two major routes of MSC administration in preclinical large animal studies are intra-articular injection and local implantation within chondral/osteochondral defects. Figure created with BioRender.com.