Table 2.
Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination among PWID in Tijuana, Mexico.
| Baseline characteristics | Univariate RR (95% CI) | Multivariate Adj RR (95%CI)** |
|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographics | ||
| Male | 0.89 (0.67–1.18) | |
| Age¥ | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | |
| Hispanic/Latinx/Mexican | 0.80 (0.54–1.18) | |
| Speaks English | 1.72 (0.72–4.08) | |
| Speaks Spanish | 1.10 (0.85–1.44) | |
| Born in Mexico | 1.17 (0.84–1.63) | |
| Highest year of school completed¥ | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | |
| Married or common law | 1.21 (0.91–1.60) | |
| Monthly income <500 USD | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | |
| Potential COVID-19 exposures | ||
| Homeless* | 0.98 (0.74–1.30) | |
| Incarcerated* | 0.91 (0.52–1.62) | |
| Engaged in sex work*P | 1.34 (0.99–1.80) | 1.61 (1.01–2.55)c |
| Client of sex worker* | 0.87 (0.49–1.55) | |
| Income worse since COVID beganY2 | 1.34 (0.93–1.94) | |
| Low/very low food security since COVID began | 0.98 (0.68–1.40) | |
| Substance use | ||
| Smokes cigarettes | 0.88 (0.61–1.27) | |
| Smoked or vaped marijuana* | 0.80 (0.62–1.05) | |
| Smoked/snorted/inhaled/vaped methamphetamine* | 0.85 (0.66–1.11) | |
| Smoked/snorted/inhaled crack or powder cocaine*P | 0.39 (0.14–1.10) | |
| Smoked/snorted/inhaled/vaped either heroin or fentanyl* | 0.87 (0.61–1.25) | |
| Injected methamphetamine* | 0.97 (0.74–1.27) | |
| Injected cocaine* | 0.75 (0.38–1.48) | |
| Injected either heroin or fentanyl* | 0.93 (0.58–1.49) | |
| # of times injected drugs per day¥* | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | |
| Health conditions | ||
| Tested HIV+ | 1.05 (0.72–1.53) | |
| Tested HCV+ | 1.03 (0.79–1.34) | |
| Has at least one chronic illness | 0.88 (0.65–1.18) | |
| Protective behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic | ||
| Social Distancing | 1.45 (0.92–2.29) | |
| Isolated or quarantined themselves | 1.01 (0.34–2.98) | |
| Wore face mask | 1.26 (0.89–1.79) | |
| Increased handwashing/sanitizerP | 1.73 (1.24–2.41) | |
| Engaged in at least one protective behavior | 1.11 (0.74–1.66) | |
|
COVID-19-related disinformation (i.e., endorsement of conspiracy theories) |
||
| Thinks that the pharmaceutical industry created the COVID-19 virus | 1.10 (0.82–1.47) | |
| Thinks that the coronavirus was created by the Chinese government as a biological weapon | 1.04 (0.78–1.37) | |
| Thinks that vaccines given to children for diseases like measles and mumps cause autism | 1.38 (1.04–1.83) | |
| Thinks that COVID-19 vaccines being offered to 'people like me' are not as safe as other COVID-19 vaccines | 0.97 (0.65–1.45) | |
| Thinks that COVID-19 vaccines include a tracking device | 0.80 (0.52–1.23) | |
| Thinks that some COVID vaccines could change their DNA | 1.07 (0.73–1.56) | |
| # of conspiracies they believe (out of 6)¥ | 1.03 (0.96–1.10) | |
|
COVID-19-related misinformation (i.e., incorrect knowledge items) |
||
| Does not think that the virus that causes COVID-19 can be easily spread from one person to another | 1.01 (0.73–1.38) | |
| Does not think that many thousands of people have died from COVID-19 | 1.09 (0.78–1.52) | |
| Thinks that most people already have immunity to COVID-19 | 1.26 (0.94–1.70) | |
| Thinks that you can tell someone has COVID-19 by looking at them | 1.15 (0.83–1.60) | |
| Thinks that having COVID-19 is about as dangerous as having the flu | 1.02 (0.78–1.35) | |
| Does not think that COVID-19 vaccines are safe for pregnant women | 0.90 (0.69–1.18) | |
|
Most important source of COVID-19-related Information |
||
| Friends | 0.92 (0.71–1.20) | |
| Doctors/health professionalsP | 1.92 (1.07–3.43) | 1.92 (1.28–2.86)c |
| Social media | 0.89 (0.54–1.46) | |
| Conservative TV/radio | 1.09 (0.82–1.46) | |
| Liberal TV/radio | 1.01 (0.47–2.19) | |
| Additional COVID-19-related experiences | ||
| Visited pop-up COVID-19 vaccine clinicP | 5.61 (3.63–8.68) | 9.15 (5.68–14.74) |
| COVID-19 Vaccine hesitancyY2 | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) | |
| Knows someone who died from COVID-19 | 1.04 (0.75–1.44) | |
| On a scale of 1 (low) to 10 (very), how worried are you of getting COVID-19 or getting it again¥ | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | |
| Knows someone who was vaccinated for COVID-19P | 1.45 (1.08–1.94) | 1.45 (0.97–2.18)c |
| Thinks they had COVID-19P | 0.47 (0.21–1.04) | 0.36 (0.13–1.01)c |
| Has been tested for COVID-19 outside of our study | 1.15 (0.83–1.60) | |
| Has been exposed to somebody with a positive COVID-19 test result | 0.93 (0.51–1.70) | |
| Had at least one COVID-19 symptom on day of interview | 0.98 (0.73–1.32) | |
| Tested SARS-CoV-2 seropositive | 0.82 (0.6–1.13) | |
| Tested SARS-CoV- RNA positive*** | N/A | |
| Ever had a flu vaccine | 1.04 (0.76–1.42) |
*
past 6 months; Missing values, Yn = 2; Y2n = 20; ¥Per one unit increase; PP-value <0.10;
**
corresponding estimates were adjusted for all the variables included in the multivariable model.
***
N/A due to zero cell for vaccinated persons. cShould be interpreted with caution as this variable was included as a confounder and may not be associated with the outcome.