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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 20.
Published in final edited form as: Cell. 2020 Oct 15;183(2):301–302. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.053

Figure 1. Immune Responses in Patients Responding to Combinatorial Therapy with Nivolumab and a Personalized Vaccine Containing SLPs Corresponding to Patient-Specific Tumor Neoantigens.

Figure 1.

These “responders” displayed a higher baseline tumor mutation burden (TMB), better peripheral T cell quality (specifically increased effector memory CD8+ T cells), a more restricted T cell repertoire, and higher levels of stem-like memory T cell signatures in the tumor. Cytotoxic neoantigen-specific T cells were detected in peripheral blood and were able to traffic into the tumor to recognize and kill tumor cells. Epitope spreading was also detected likely as a result of vaccine-induced, T cell-mediated tumor cell death causing the release of neoantigens. Further detailed studies should characterize the immune response in non-responders in order to improve response rates.