TABLE 4.
Clinical application of berberine.
| Study population | Study design | Intervention | Findings | Ref |
| 39 patients with severe COVID-19 with diarrhoea | -- | 900 mg/d (2 weeks) | increased IL-6, TNF-α and CRP levels | Zhang et al. (2021) |
| Participants with UC | randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | 900 mg/d (3 months) | decreased in the Geboes score | Xu et al. (2019) |
| 36patients with seminoma or lymphomas | randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | 900 mg/d (2 weeks) | significantly relieved Syn-dromes such as anorexia, colitis, diarrhea, proctitis | Li et al. (2010) |
| 90 children with diarrhea | randomized | 0.2 g/d (1 week) | decreased the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 | Chen et al., 2015 |
| 130 ACS patients undergoing PCI | randomized | 300 mg/d (1 month) | MMP-9, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-6 and MCP-1 were significantly reduced | Meng et al. (2012) |
| 100 patients diagnosed with ST-elevated AMI | randomized | 900 mg/d (15 days) | CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly reduced | Qing et al. (2018) |
| 90 patients with NSCLC | randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | 20 mg/kg (6 weeks) | reduced the incidence of RILI, decreased TGF-β1 and ICAM-1 | Liu et al. (2008) |
| 120 patients with AIS | randomized, double-blind | 900 mg/d (3 months) | significantly decreased in IL-6 and MIF level, the TPA and the number of unstable carotid atherosclerotic plaques were significantly lowered | Li et al. (2016) |
| 45 ACS patients | randomized, single-blind | 300 mg/d (3 months) | downregulated galectin 3, alleviates ox LDL induced macrophage activation | Pei et al. (2019) |
| 184 patients with NAFLD | randomized, parallel controlled, open-label | 1.5 g/d (16 weeks) | reduced blood glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol increased liver inflammation | Yan et al. (2015) |
| patients with RAS for a minimum of 6 months | randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind | — | decreased pain intensity, promoted ulcer healing, relieved inflammatory | Jiang et al., 2013 |
Note: CRP, C-reactive protein; AIS, acute cerebral ischemic stroke; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; TPA, total plaque area; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; UC, ulcerative colitis; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; RAS, recurrent aphthous stomatitis; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; RILI, radiation-induced lung injury; TGF-β1, growth factor-beta-1.