Figure 1.
Consort chart. The first 5000 HCHS study participants were included in this study and serologically tested for serum antibodies against HPV16 early proteins E6, E1, E2 and E7. *Individuals seropositive for HPV16 E6 and any other early protein (E1, E2 and / or E7) were considered at high risk for HPV-driven oropharyngeal cancer (HPV-OPC), re-contacted and invited for clinical follow-up by regular six-monthly non-invasive head and neck examinations. §Two individuals were lost to follow-up; one could not be contacted and one had deceased by the time of re-contact. HCHS: Hamburg City Health Study; OPC: oropharyngeal cancer; HPV16-OPC: HPV16-driven OPC.