Fig. 1.

Fabrication and characterization of bioactive hybrid scaffolds. A) Representative stereoscopic images, SEM and DAPI staining images of human placenta tissue before (Placenta) and after (pECM) decellularization. B) SDS-PAGE showed total protein extracted from pECM and epECM. C) Heatmap of proteins involved in angiogenesis, immunoregulation, and tissue remodeling in pECM and epECM. D) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of hybrid vascular grafts by co-electrospinning. E) FTIR spectra of the pECM, epECM, PCL, and PCL-epECM scaffolds. F) Confocal images and SEM images of PCL and PCL-epECM membranous and tubular scaffolds. G) TGA curve of PCL and PCL-epECM scaffolds. H) In vitro degradation of PCL scaffolds and PCL-epECM scaffolds. I) Schematic illustration of the active modification process of hybrid scaffolds. J) Representative stress–strain curves of different grafts. K-M) The maximum stress and strain at break and elastic modulus of different grafts. N) Toluidine blue staining images and heparin loading statistics of PCL and PCL-epECM/H scaffolds. O) In vitro release kinetics of IL-4 on the PCL-epECM/H-IL-4 scaffolds. Scale bars: A) first column, 5 mm; second column and third column, 50 μm column. F) first column, 50 μm; second column and fourth column, 30 μm; third column, 300 μm.