Table 3.
The baseline plasma level of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors found significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients compared to NO COVID-19 subjects of study population “A”.
| Function | Main Source | Analyte | COVID-19 Median (IQR) | NO COVID-19Median (IQR) | P* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pro-Inflammatory cytokine/chemokine | activated macrophages | IL-1β | 2.44 (1.40-4.64) | 1.16 (0.62-2.96) | 0.0076 |
| Macrophages | IL-6 | 12.88 (6.64-33.84) | 6.48 (3.68-16.98) | 0.0039 | |
| Th17 | IL-17A | 12.60 (7.12-19.32) | 7.88 (5.02-10.56 | 0.0038 | |
| Th1 | IFN-γ | 123.5 (63.92-277) | 34.44 (17.46-87.22) | <0.0001 | |
| Monocytes, Fibroblasts, Endothelial Cells | IP-10 | 1406 (590.4-2611) | 444 (313.8-942.4) | 0.0042 | |
| Monocytes, Macrophages | MCP-1 | 1967 (979.1-4928) | 313.7 (199-768.6) | <0.0001 | |
| Platelets, Macrophages | RANTES | 4153 (3079-8045) | 2711 (1911-5489) | 0.0241 | |
| Macrophages | TNF-α | 63.52 (49.24-93.04) | 48.64 (31.66-63.94) | 0.010 | |
| Anti-inflammatory cytokine | Th2 | IL-4 | 2.08 (1.28-3.64) | 1.56 (0.58-2.80) | 0.043 |
| Th2, Treg | IL-10 | 6.68 (4.52-11.60) | 3.56 (2.06-6.98) | 0.0014 | |
| Growth factor | Th1 | IL-2 | 5.72 (2.72-9.68) | 2.52 (0.48-5.04) | 0.0012 |
| Th2, Mast cells | IL-5 | 37.96 (4.00-61.28) | 5.8 (0.0-35.4) | 0.0066 | |
| Stromal cells, Macrophages | FGF-basic | 49.04 (32.88-68.80) | 28.68 (14.36-38.58) | 0.0004 | |
| endothelium, macrophages, | G-CSF | 429.3 (164.9-650.3) | 197.8 (134.9-357.2) | 0.0411 | |
| macrophages, T cells, mast cells, NK cells | GM-CSF | 2.52 (0.28-4.76) | 0.32 (0.0-2.30) | 0.0015 |
COVID-19, CoronaVIrus Disease 19; * Mann Whitney test; IQR, Interquartile Range; IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; IP, IFN-γ inducible Protein; MCP, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein; RANTES, Regulated upon Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Presumably Secreted; TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor; FGF, Fibroblast Growth Factor; G-CSF, Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor; GM-CSF, Granulocyte-Macrophage-Colony-Stimulating Factor; VEGF, Vascular-Endothelial Growth Factor.