Table 4.
IL-10 significantly downregulates several Spike-induced cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in COVID-19 patients and NO COVID-19-VCs of study population “B”, using a 27-plex multiplex assay.
| COVID-19 Patients (n=14) | NO-COVID-19-VC (n=12) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Function | Analyte | Spike Median (IQR) | Spike + IL-10 Median (IQR) | P* | Spike Median (IQR) | Spike + IL-10 Median (IQR) | P* |
| Pro-Inflammatory cytokine/chemokine | IL-1β | 1.32 (0.68-3.26) | 0.9 (0.42-1.55) | 0.0803 | 3.46 (1.86-6.84) | 1.72 (0.76-3.06) | 0.0088 |
| IL-6 | 33.6 (8.77-540.6) | 9.72 (2.49-33.03) | 0.0012 | 132.1 (74.42-201.8) | 53.94 (25.03-98.74) | 0.0117 | |
| IL-8 | 2945 (877.5-5040) | 489.3 (357.4-3784) | 0.0017 | 2084 (1492-5383) | 1417 (879.9-4049) | 0.0342 | |
| IL-12 | 8.88 (3.10-15.96) | 4.04 (0-7.14) | 0.0356 | 14.52 (9.15-20.71) | 6.12 (3.13-14.67) | 0.0425 | |
| IL-17A | 6.68 (2.24-11.89) | 1.52 (0.76-3.98) | 0.0023 | 5.74 (0.95-7.92) | 3.26 (0.84-4.43) | 0.0137 | |
| IFN-γ | 285.1 (71.1-553.1) | 90.74 (47.96-227.9) | 0.0001 | 159.9 (106.5-481.3) | 105.4 (59.7-191.7) | 0.0005 | |
| IP-10 | 4860 (2229-11044) | 862.4 (277.8-2422) | 0.0001 | 7395 (4310-17682) | 1308 (908.7-2109) | 0.0005 | |
| MCP-1 | 7664 (5507-17151) | 5525 (3087-9017) | 0.0023 | 10024 (2741-12388) | 4382 (2246-10765) | 0.176 | |
| MIP-1α | 14.4 (8.11-86.84) | 7.62 (2.28-19.51) | 0.0052 | 40.92 (16.95-79.66) | 16.68 (10.42-25.27) | 0.0034 | |
| MIP-1β | 243.8 (50.65-628.4) | 132.3 (26.62-226.5) | 0.0017 | 741.2 (421.7-995) | 297.8 (170.3-354.1) | 0.0015 | |
| TNF-α | 33.18 (12.34-59.19) | 14.66 (3.39-25.88) | 0.0001 | 29.48 (25.58-55.53) | 20.44 (13.55-33.35) | 0.0024 | |
| Anti-inflammatory cytokine | IL-1rα | 1335 (984.4-2950) | 1154 (512.1-1644) | 0.0785 | 2557 (1970-4666) | 2259 (1078-2700) | 0.0049 |
| IL-4 | 1.38 (0-1.91) | 0.38 (0-1.10) | 0.0361 | 1.8 (0.0-2.78) | 0.32 (0.0-1.76) | 0.0391 | |
| IL-13 | 2.46 (0.53-6.03) | 1.24 (0-3.05) | 0.0269 | 14.64 (8.998-21.13) | 9.68 (3.86-11.8) | 0.0024 | |
| Growth factor | IL-2 | 57.98 (2.38-282.9) | 22.73 (5.19-70.53) | 0.0001 | 158.6 (96.49-254.4) | 61.62 (40.03-85.68) | 0.0005 |
| IL-5 | 54.5 (42.82-145.3) | 23.94 (11.21-43.36) | 0.0001 | 90.5 (46.33-168.7) | 39.68 (19.5-64.54) | 0.001 | |
| IL-7 | 8.44 (1.02-9.72) | 1.16 (0-3.92) | 0.0093 | 4.76 (0.3-8.59) | 4.58 (2.88-8,53) | 0.505 | |
| IL-15 | 131 (49.98-212.1) | 73.02 (0-132.9) | 0.0122 | 173.6 (39.32-234.8) | 120.8 (39.79-160) | 0.0093 | |
| FGF-basic | 23.5 (19.15-50.44) | 16.9 (14.07-28.42) | 0.0039 | 37.02 (28.64-47.54) | 28.96 (20.67-35.74) | 0.0425 | |
| G-CSF | 359.3 (94.81-1178) | 192.6 (55.72-384.9) | 0.0052 | 662.4 (322.1-1366) | 348.6 (164.9-425.7) | 0.0015 | |
| GM-CSF | 2.7 (1.36-4.78) | 1.21 (0.57-1.65) | 0.0085 | 4.76 (2.49-7.69) | 2.90 (2.13-3.43) | 0.0068 | |
| PDGF | 41.14 (3.54-77.49) | 3.84 (0-43.88) | 0.0098 | 46.06 (26.97-79.84) | 15.16 (0.98-51.68) | 0.176 | |
| VEGF | 59.38 (27.18-126.3) | 16.96 (3.75-63.61) | 0.0398 | 83.82 (38.5-158.6) | 47.28 (24.85-57.58) | 0.147 | |
COVID-19, CoronaVIrus Disease 19; * Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test; NO COVID-19-VC, NO-COVID-19-Vaccinated Control; IQR, Interquartile Range; IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; IP, IFN-γ inducible Protein; MCP, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein; MIP, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein; TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor; FGF, Fibroblast Growth Factor; G-CSF, Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor; GM-CSF, Granulocyte-Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor; PDGF, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; VEGF, Vascular-Endothelial Growth Factor.