Table 1.
Anthropometric, fat, and hemodynamic parameters in all groups at baseline and after exercise.
| HIIT |
MICT |
CON |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | P/ES | Pre | Post | P/ES | Pre | Post | P/ES | |
| Anthropometric Assessments and Biochemical Analyses | |||||||||
| FM (kg) | 29.07 ± 9.13 | 24.83 ± 8.29&& | 0.001/1.78 | 28.19 ± 9.88 | 24.90 ± 9.39&& | 0.001/1.18 | 29.48 ± 8.55 | 27.23 ± 8.23&& | 0.001/1.62 |
| MM (kg) | 62.15 ± 5.43 | 61.71 ± 5.55 | 0.16/0.32 | 59.38 ± 6.05 | 58.41 ± 6.34& | 0.04/0.48 | 62.46 ± 6.72 | 60.13 ± 6.81&& | 0.01/0.72 |
| BF (%) | 30.10 ± 5.02 | 27.01 ± 5.14&& | 0.001/1.91 | 30.19 ± 5.76 | 27.89 ± 5.82&& | 0.001/1.13 | 30.40 ± 5.10 | 28.50 ± 5.18&& | 0.001/2.04 |
| WC (cm) | 98.05 ± 10.33 | 92.20 ± 9.31&& | 0.001/1.43 | 97.84 ± 12.81 | 92.37 ± 11.47&& | 0.001/0.89 | 99.92 ± 7.97 | 98.02 ± 9.57 | 0.12/0.58 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 1.24 ± 0.22 | 1.25 ± 0.15 | 0.72/0.08 | 1.27 ± 0.20 | 1.27 ± 0.22 | 0.85/-0.06 | 1.27 ± 0.16 | 1.17 ± 0.12 | 0.08/0.67 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 1.21 ± 0.35 | 1.11 ± 0.37 | 0.19/0.32 | 1.18 ± 0.47 | 1.03 ± 0.45 | 0.08/0.43 | 1.33 ± 0.54 | 1.61 ± 0.64 | 0.35/-0.33 |
| Visceral Fat Indices Measurement and Calculation | |||||||||
| LAP | 42.70 ± 21.51 | 32.62 ± 19.17&& | 0.001/0.32 | 31.81 ± 15.66 | 22.31 ± 11.81& | 0.03/0.59 | 39.78 ± 19.56 | 53.70 ± 33.94 | 0.30/-0.43 |
| VAI | 1.35 ± 0.56 | 1.16 ± 0.52 | 0.07/0.45 | 1.14 ± 0.53 | 0.97 ± 0.52 | 0.13/0.38 | 1.42 ± 0.68 | 1.87 ± 0.71 | 0.22/-0.48 |
| Carotid Hemodynamic Parameters | |||||||||
| BV(m/s) | 0.26 ± 0.07∗# | 0.29 ± 0.06&& | 0.01/-0.50 | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.26 ± 0.05&& | 0.01/-0.57 | 0.19 ± 0.05 | 0.20 ± 0.03 | 0.72/-0.17 |
| AD (cm) | 0.66 ± 0.06 | 0.62 ± 0.07&& | 0.01/0.57 | 0.63 ± 0.09 | 0.62 ± 0.09 | 0.48/0.14 | 0.66 ± 0.08 | 0.67 ± 0.08 | 0.85/-0.09 |
| BP (kPa) | 13.25 ± 0.61## | 12.92 ± 0.87 | 0.12/0.33 | 12.29 ± 0.97 | 12.66 ± 1.23 | 0.10/-0.38 | 12.69 ± 1.33 | 12.74 ± 1.23 | 0.91/-0.04 |
| WSS (Pa) | 0.60 ± 0.20∗ | 0.73 ± 0.22&& | 0.001/0.68 | 0.59 ± 0.21 | 0.69 ± 0.16& | 0.02/-0.59 | 0.49 ± 0.18 | 0.51 ± 0.11 | 0.87/-0.05 |
| FR | 4.27 ± 1.33∗## | 3.93 ± 0.65 | 0.27/0.27 | 3.30 ± 0.81 | 3.85 ± 1.09 | 0.07/-0.44 | 3.30 ± 1.12 | 3.52 ± 0.92 | 0.57/-0.20 |
| OSI | 0.15 ± 0.06 | 0.09 ± 0.04&& | 0.001/1.04 | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.59/0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.07 | 0.12 ± 0.05 | 0.70/-0.14 |
| EM (kPa) | 55.36 ± 10.52# | 48.07 ± 9.74 | 0.14/0.61 | 45.99 ± 11.77 | 44.89 ± 17.31∗ | 0.78/0.06 | 59.19 ± 17.94 | 55.14 ± 17.87 | 0.59/0.19 |
| AS | 4.04 ± 0.62 | 3.28 ± 0.60&& | 0.001/1.10 | 3.80 ± 0.89 | 3.53 ± 1.29 | 0.41/0.18 | 4.37 ± 1.03 | 4.18 ± 1.27 | 0.75/0.12 |
| DR (Pa·s·m−1) | 0.83 ± 0.23∗# | 0.81 ± 0.22 | 0.79/0.07 | 1.03 ± 0.24 | 0.83 ± 0.28& | 0.02/0.57 | 1.04 ± 0.33 | 1.03 ± 0.30 | 0.92/0.03 |
| Rq (Pa·s ·m−3) | 23.68 ± 7.46# | 23.44 ± 5.61 | 0.89/0.03 | 27.50 ± 6.56 | 24.20 ± 7.35 | 0.14/0.35 | 31.94 ± 10.92 | 28.62 ± 7.17 | 0.39/0.31 |
| CS | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.03&& | 0.02/-0.64 | 0.12 ± 0.02# | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.84/-0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.61/-0.25 |
| PI | 2.00 ± 0.21 | 1.86 ± 0.29&& | 0.03/0.54 | 1.90 ± 0.32 | 1.88 ± 0.28 | 0.80/0.06 | 2.10 ± 0.36 | 2.01 ± 0.29 | 0.62/0.20 |
Note: Outcome variables are shown as the means ± standard deviations. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the differences among groups at baseline, and LSD post hoc testing was used for pairwise comparisons. Significant differences in the CON group at ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗p < 0.05, significant differences in the MICT group at ##p < 0.01, #p < 0.05. Paired t tests were used to compare the significant differences within groups at &p < 0.05 and &&p < 0.01. ES: effect size, P/ES: p value and effect size.
FM: fat mass, MM: muscle mass, BF (%): percentage of body fat, WC: waist circumference, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG: triglycerides, LAP: lipid accumulation product, VAI: visceral adiposity index, BV: blood velocity, AD: artery diameter, BP: blood pressure, WSS: wall shear stress, FR: flow rate, OSI: oscillatory shear index, EM: elasticity modulus, AS: arterial stiffness, DR: dynamic resistance, Rq: peripheral resistance, CS: circumferential strain, PI: pulsatility index.