TABLE 2.
Dietary assessment during 12-wk avocado or control intervention in adults who are overweight or with obesity and have insulin resistance1
| Avocado (n = 49) | Control (n = 44) | Intervention AV vs. C, P value2 | Time P value2 | Intervention × time P value2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrient | Month 1 | Month 2 | Month 3 | Month 1 | Month 2 | Month 3 | |||
| Energy, kcal/d | 2130 ± 74.4 | 2080 ± 85.8 | 2200 ± 88.9 | 1900 ± 74.2 | 1890 ± 77.1 | 1990 ± 67.4 | 0.1259 | 0.3043 | 0.8386 |
| Protein, g/d | 85.4 ± 3.86 | 81.0 ± 3.76 | 91.2 ± 5.45 | 75.3 ± 3.81 | 73.8 ± 3.86 | 83.4 ± 4.17 | 0.1944 | 0.0209 | 0.8386 |
| Total fat, g/d | 100 ± 3.70 | 96.0 ± 4.03 | 103 ± 4.22 | 77.5 ± 4.13 | 71.5 ± 3.24 | 77.8 ± 3.09 | 0.0001 | 0.0780 | 0.9644 |
| Total saturated, g/d | 26.6 ± 1.28 | 27.7 ± 1.51 | 30.1 ± 1.85 | 25.8 ± 1.49 | 23.3 ± 1.35 | 25.8 ± 1.24 | 0.1150 | 0.1699 | 0.2195 |
| Total monounsaturated, g/d | 42.0 ± 1.55 | 40.8 ± 1.63 | 42.6 ± 1.71 | 27.6 ± 1.70 | 24.8 ± 1.14 | 27.1 ± 1.14 | <0.0001 | 0.1578 | 0.8828 |
| Total polyunsaturated, g/d | 21.9 ± 1.11 | 19.6 ± 0.888 | 20.3 ± 0.95 | 17.5 ± 1.08 | 17.5 ± 0.873 | 18.2 ± 0.907 | 0.0301 | 0.2536 | 0.2164 |
| Carbohydrate, g/d | 220 ± 10.6 | 221 ± 10.9 | 224 ± 11.8 | 223 ± 7.93 | 232 ± 9.69 | 238 ± 9.74 | 0.6780 | 0.8370 | 0.5382 |
| Sugar, g/d | 83.0 ± 5.71 | 84.0 ± 6.31 | 88.1 ± 6.97 | 88.3 ± 4.40 | 97.2 ± 5.79 | 98.4 ± 6.94 | 0.4176 | 0.6520 | 0.5181 |
| Fiber, total dietary, g/d | 26.1 ± 1.03 | 24.9 ± 1.06 | 25.4 ± 1.08 | 14.8 ± 0.629 | 15.4 ± 0.606 | 15.9 ± 0.567 | <0.0001 | 0.7317 | 0.4384 |
| Calcium, mg/d | 786 ± 48.5 | 810 ± 44.8 | 896 ± 52.2 | 897 ± 48.2 | 870 ± 50.1 | 1020 ± 60.2 | 0.3281 | 0.0071 | 0.6840 |
| Potassium, mg/d | 3090 ± 118 | 3020 ± 124 | 3270 ± 134 | 2350 ± 96.0 | 2420 ± 94.6 | 2600 ± 99.2 | 0.0007 | 0.0338 | 0.6792 |
| Sodium, mg/d | 3520 ± 152 | 3460 ± 176 | 3500 ± 155 | 3370 ± 134 | 3250 ± 133 | 3490 ± 119 | 0.5436 | 0.4007 | 0.7275 |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | 89.8 ± 9.11 | 88.9 ± 7.43 | 92.8 ± 6.94 | 72 ± 6.04 | 87.7 ± 6.51 | 94.4 ± 7.93 | 0.7143 | 0.2994 | 0.1653 |
| Folate, total, μg/d | 450 ± 18.3 | 462 ± 21.6 | 473 ± 21.6 | 360 ± 15.9 | 368 ± 16.5 | 398 ± 15.2 | 0.0031 | 0.1671 | 0.7002 |
| Vitamin A, RAE, μg/d | 578 ± 48.9 | 547 ± 41.9 | 636 ± 54.2 | 683 ± 44.0 | 691 ± 46.7 | 625 ± 35.2 | 0.3145 | 0.9714 | 0.1541 |
| Cholesterol, mg/d | 343 ± 23.9 | 324 ± 29.4 | 347 ± 26.1 | 301 ± 21.8 | 277 ± 19.2 | 303 ± 17.9 | 0.1949 | 0.4427 | 0.9685 |
| Vitamin D (D2 + D3), μg/d | 3.69 ± 0.442 | 4.11 ± 0.558 | 4.62 ± 0.513 | 4.38 ± 0.449 | 4.44 ± 0.519 | 4.96 ± 0.486 | 0.4946 | 0.3486 | 0.9370 |
| Fruit,3 cup/d | 0.745 ± 0.146 | 0.768 ± 0.117 | 0.717 ± 0.102 | 0.736 ± 0.0991 | 0.827 ± 0.0942 | 0.990 ± 0.0999 | 0.5726 | 0.8866 | 0.2498 |
| Vegetables,3,4 cup/d | 2.48 ± 0.138 | 2.39 ± 0.155 | 2.48 ± 0.137 | 1.60 ± 0.109 | 1.69 ± 0.122 | 1.64 ± 0.114 | 0.0001 | 0.8554 | 0.5225 |
| Starchy vegetables,3 cup/d | 0.291 ± 0.0433 | 0.305 ± 0.0454 | 0.34 ± 0.0445 | 0.388 ± 0.0541 | 0.419 ± 0.057 | 0.41 ± 0.053 | 0.1972 | 0.7687 | 0.8790 |
| Grains, oz/d | 5.63 ± 0.375 | 5.39 ± 0.33 | 5.43 ± 0.345 | 6.26 ± 0.335 | 5.87 ± 0.324 | 6.27 ± 0.260 | 0.3430 | 0.3228 | 0.8807 |
| Whole grains, oz/d | 0.788 ± 0.112 | 0.743 ± 0.115 | 0.859 ± 0.156 | 0.919 ± 0.137 | 0.733 ± 0.0875 | 0.899 ± 0.115 | 0.9916 | 0.3523 | 0.7065 |
| Refined grains, oz/d | 4.27 ± 0.355 | 4.25 ± 0.329 | 4.02 ± 0.297 | 4.64 ± 0.335 | 4.44 ± 0.341 | 4.80 ± 0.278 | 0.6295 | 0.6995 | 0.3614 |
Values are the unadjusted mean ± SEM of the raw data; n = 49 and 44 for the AV and C groups, respectively. Dietary assessment was conducted by weekly Automated Self-Administered 24-h Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24). AV, avocado; C, control; Retinol Activity Equivalent (RAE),.
Compositional differences between the 2 dietary groups (AV compared with C) was assessed by comparing energy or nutrient intake variables (kcals, carbohydrates, protein, etc.) from individuals’ ASA24 over time (collected once per week for 4 wk) using the MIXED procedure in SAS to test the main effect of study interventions (AV compared with C), time (month 1 compared with month 2 compared with month 3) and their 2-factor interaction with repeated effect of the participant. Significant differences determined at a P value of <0.05. Bold values indicate significantly greater intake of nutrient/food in the avocado group compared with the control group independent of time (intervention effect, P < 0.05).
1 cup equivalent = 237 mL.
Avocado is classified as a vegetable in the ASA24 dietary analysis.