. 2022 Jun 14;152(8):1851–1861. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxac126

TABLE 3.

Anthropometrics, blood pressure fasting metabolic indices, and oral glucose tolerance test indices before and after 12-wk avocado or control intervention, including mean changes (Δ), in adults who are overweight or with obesity and have insulin resistance¹

	Avocado (n = 49)			Control (n = 44)			Week 12 AV vs. C, P value²	Δ0–12 wk AV vs. C, P value²
Variable	Week 0	Week 12	Δ0–12 wk	Week 0	Week 12	Δ0–12 wk	Week 12 AV vs. C, P value²	Δ0–12 wk AV vs. C, P value²
BMI, kg/m²	32.2 ± 0.558	32.2 ± 0.623	–0.0449 ± 0.207	32.8 ± 0.592	32.9 ± 0.621	0.100 ± 0.127	0.5396	0.6238
Fat %	36.2 ± 1.14	36.2 ± 1.16	0 ± 0.273	37.3 ± 1.20	37.2 ± 1.26	–0.134 ± 0.219	0.6825	0.6825
Fat-free mass, kg	58.7 ± 1.79	58.9 ± 1.77	0.190 ± 0.248	59.7 ± 2.02	60.0 ± 2.10	0.323 ± 0.246	0.7251	0.7251
Systolic BP, mm Hg	124 ± 1.90	122 ± 1.86	–2.01 ± 1.24	126 ± 2.01	126 ± 2.41	0.0606 ± 1.86	0.2257	0.2257
Diastolic BP, mm Hg	77.5 ± 1.42	78.0 ± 1.52	0.497 ± 1.14	80.7 ± 1.75	80.5 ± 1.78	–0.250 ± 1.16	0.9884	0.9884
Fasting glycemic indices
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	106 ± 1.40	107 ± 1.51	1.27 ± 1.07	104 ± 1.68	105 ± 1.51	0.788 ± 0.914	0.4770	0.4770
Fasting insulin, μIU/mL	10.2 ± 0.795	10.3 ± 0.727	0.0529 ± 0.533	10.1 ± 0.86	10.9 ± 0.677	0.774 ± 0.494	0.0951	0.0855
HOMA-IR	2.72 ± 0.233	2.76 ± 0.212	0.0358 ± 0.148	2.69 ± 0.259	2.83 ± 0.184	0.122 ± 0.141	0.1946	0.1098
HOMA-β	86.5 ± 6.05	85.9 ± 6.45	–0.547 ± 5.58	88.6 ± 5.91	110 ± 18.2	5.17 ± 3.46	0.0848	0.2106
HbA1c	5.59 ± 0.0654	5.54 ± 0.0589	–0.0518 ± 0.0326	5.58 ± 0.0702	5.60 ± 0.0671	0.0451 ± 0.0395	0.0574	0.0632
Oral glucose tolerance test
Glucose AUC_0–2h, mg/dL × h	292 ± 8.43	301 ± 8.42	9.33 ± 5.79	285 ± 9.33	290 ± 9.16	3.69 ± 5.88	0.3088	0.3723
Glucose C_max, mg/dL	176 ± 6.09	180 ± 5.70	4.81 ± 3.97	171 ± 5.87	174 ± 5.70	1.50 ± 3.66	0.4012	0.3962
Insulin AUC_0–2h, mg/dL × h	155 ± 12.5	163 ± 11.3	8.58 ± 6.59	158 ± 14.2	170 ± 13.2	11.5 ± 9.50	0.6981	0.7007
Insulin C_max, mg/dL	125 ± 11.3	126 ± 9.42	1.08 ± 6.74	123 ± 10.8	133 ± 10.1	9.26 ± 7.86	0.3058	0.3835
MISI	3.91 ± 0.355	3.62 ± 0.324	–0.292 ± 0.191	3.95 ± 0.336	3.35 ± 0.292	–0.753 ± 0.254	0.5430	0.1092
Lipid profile
Total triglyceride, mg/dL	114 ± 8.13	120 ± 10.9	6.22 ± 7.46	111 ± 8.88	107 ± 7.58	–4.07 ± 5.93	0.7333	0.2244
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	184 ± 5.11	182 ± 4.74	–1.61 ± 3.07	177 ± 5.03	181 ± 4.44	4.28 ± 2.97	0.3254	0.1943
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	48.1 ± 2.15	48.4 ± 2.07	0.367 ± 1.03	45.4 ± 2.06	47.1 ± 2.25	1.64 ± 0.873	0.5321	0.2413
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	113 ± 4.23	112 ± 3.92	–0.551 ± 2.67	110 ± 3.93	113 ± 3.94	3.32 ± 2.23	0.4406	0.3656
Inflammation biomarkers
hsCRP, mg/L	3.96 ± 0.812	3.20 ± 0.577	–0.758 ± 0.673	3.55 ± 0.427	3.67 ± 0.498	0.120 ± 0.370	0.0418	0.1748
IL-6, pg/mL	3.15 ± 0.382	3.02 ± 0.373	–0.132 ± 0.203	3.77 ± 0.457	3.81 ± 0.493	0.0373 ± 0.208	0.5105	0.4410
MCP-1, pg/mL	210 ± 17.2	209 ± 19.0	–1.12 ± 7.07	193 ± 7.24	189 ± 6.33	–3.65 ± 4.73	0.5531	0.7466
Endothelial function biomarkers
ICAM-1, ng/mL	208 ± 8.43	207 ± 9.10	–0.443 ± 3.85	213 ± 11.1	215 ± 10.7	1.23 ± 2.98	0.8742	0.6987
VCAM-1, ng/mL	629 ± 21.9	622 ± 15.6	–6.97 ± 15.0	674 ± 25.2	686 ± 23.1	11.1 ± 12.5	0.0849	0.0471

Values are the unadjusted mean ± SEM of the raw data; n = 49 and 44 for the AV and C groups, respectively. AV, avocado; BP, blood pressure; C, control; GLM, general linear model; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; MISI, Matsuda Insulin Sensitivity Index; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.

ANCOVA was performed using the GLM procedure via PC-SAS version 9.4 and baseline (week 0) values as the covariate. Sex was also included in fasting insulin and HOMA-IR analyses as a significant covariate. Statistical significance was at P < 0.05. Marginal statistical effects were acknowledged at P = 0.05–0.1.