Table 3.
Multivariable association of analyte concentrations (optical density or concentration in quartiles) at 32 weeks gestation with infant birthweight, birthweight-for-gestational age z-score, and gestational age at birth, among 674 women living with HIV in Dar es Salaam Tanzania.a
| Birthweight (g) |
Birthweight-for-gestational age (z-score) |
Gestational age (weeks) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean diff (g) | 95% CI | p | Mean (SD) | Mean diff (z-score) | 95% CI | p | Mean (SD) | Mean diff (wks) | 95% CI | p | |
| Biomarkers of EED | ||||||||||||
| Flagellin IgG (OD) | 0·53 | 0·94 | 0·41 | |||||||||
| 1 (0·087-1·385) | 3129 (449) | Ref | −0·24 (1·27) | Ref | 39·5 (2·4) | Ref | ||||||
| 2 (1·387-1·748) | 3166 (471) | 66 | (−33, 164) | 0·01 (1·21) | 0·29 | (0·02, 0·56) | 39·1 (2·3) | −0·4 | (−0·9, 0·1) | |||
| 3 (1·751-2·126) | 3186 (526) | 48 | (−52, 147) | −0·12 (1·36) | 0·10 | (−0·18, 0·37) | 39·5 (2·4) | 0·0 | (−0·5, 0·5) | |||
| 4 (2·128-3·336) | 3116 (494) | −29 | (−125, 67) | −0·15 (1·25) | 0·06 | (−0·21, 0·33) | 39·2 (2·5) | −0·3 | (−0·9, 0·2) | |||
| Flagellin IgA (OD) | 0·07 | 0·44 | 0·13 | |||||||||
| 1 (0·040-1·114) | 3218 (464) | Ref | −0·09 (1·28) | Ref | 39·7 (2·4) | Ref | ||||||
| 2 (1·121-1·604) | 3137 (513) | −65 | (−168, 37) | −0·09 (1·27) | −0·00 | (−0·28, 0·27) | 39·2 (2·4) | −0·5 | (−1·0, 0·1) | |||
| 3 (1·607-2·092) | 3123 (485) | −84 | (−185, 17) | −0·11 (1·29) | 0·01 | (−0·27, 0·29) | 39·1 (2·4) | −0·7 | (−1·2, -0·1) | |||
| 4 (2·097-3·259) | 3117 (475) | −93 | (−193, 7) | −0·22 (1·26) | −0·11 | (−0·39, 0·17) | 39·4 (2·3) | −0·4 | (−0·9, 0·1) | |||
| LPS IgG (OD) | 0·71 | 0·96 | 0·63 | |||||||||
| 1 (0·089-1·328) | 3138 (494) | Ref | −0·19 (1·34) | Ref | 39·5 (2·5) | Ref | ||||||
| 2 (1·329-1·802) | 3164 (464) | 19 | (−82, 121) | −0·04 (1·19) | 0·11 | (−0·16, 0·38) | 39·2 (2·2) | −0·2 | (−0·8, 0·3) | |||
| 3 (1·803-2·342) | 3149 (487) | 16 | (−84, 116) | −0·14 (1·23) | 0·05 | (−0·22, 0·32) | 39·4 (2·3) | −0·1 | (−0·6, 0·4) | |||
| 4 (2·346-3·367) | 3146 (499) | −18 | (−119, 83) | −0·13 (1·34) | 0·01 | (−0·27, 0·30) | 39·3 (2·5) | −0·2 | (−0·7, 0·3) | |||
| LPS IgA(OD) | 0·27 | 0·74 | 0·14 | |||||||||
| 1 (0·017-1·005) | 3162 (479) | Ref | −0·22 (1·29) | Ref | 39·7 (2·3) | Ref | ||||||
| 2 (1·010-1·465) | 3156 (503) | −5 | (−107, 98) | 0·00 (1·28) | 0·22 | (−0·06, 0·49) | 39·1 (2·7) | −0·6 | (−1·1, -0·0) | |||
| 3 (1·468-2·054) | 3189 (492) | 20 | (−76, 116) | −0·02 (1·24) | 0·18 | (−0·09, 0·44) | 39·2 (2·3) | −0·4 | (−0·9, 0·1) | |||
| 4 (2·054-3·441) | 3088 (465) | −59 | (−156, 38) | −0·26 (1·26) | −0·01 | (−0·28, 0·26) | 39·3 (2·1) | −0·5 | (−0·9, 0·0) | |||
| sCD14 (ng/mL) | 0·52 | 0·50 | 0·72 | |||||||||
| 1 (16·770-2362·485) | 3150 (489) | Ref | −0·10 (1·24) | Ref | 39·3 (2·4) | Ref | ||||||
| 2 (2365·170-3270·630) | 3133 (455) | −35 | (−135, 65) | −0·21 (1·27) | −0·14 | (−0·41, 0·13) | 39·4 (2·3) | 0·1 | (−0·4, 0·6) | |||
| 3 (3271·670-5002·015) | 3157 (492) | −0 | (−104, 103) | −0·12 (1·28) | −0·03 | (−0·30, 0·23) | 39·4 (2·5) | 0·1 | (−0·4, 0·6) | |||
| 4 (5005·980-19607·785) | 3158 (507) | 20 | (−82, 122) | −0·07 (1·31) | 0·04 | (−0·22, 0·31) | 39·2 (2·4) | −0·0 | (−0·5, 0·4) | |||
| I-FABP (pg/mL) | 0·96 | 0·79 | 0·58 | |||||||||
| 1 (1·385-737·365) | 3145 (447) | Ref | −0·15 (1·31) | Ref | 39·4 (2·2) | Ref | ||||||
| 2 (739·435-1346·800) | 3187 (488) | 60 | (−38, 159) | −0·06 (1·21) | 0·14 | (−0·13, 0·41) | 39·5 (2·5) | 0·1 | (−0·4, 0·6) | |||
| 3 (1349·415- 2280·515) | 3111 (494) | −9 | (−105, 87) | −0·18 (1·26) | 0·00 | (−0·26, 0·27) | 39·3 (2·3) | −0·1 | (−0·6, 0·4) | |||
| 4 (2280·515- 8338·955) | 3156 (512) | 25 | (−77, 126) | −0·11 (1·33) | 0·08 | (−0·19, 0·36) | 39·3 (2·4) | −0·1 | (−0·6, 0·4) | |||
| Systemic inflammation | ||||||||||||
| AGP (g/L) | 0·01 | 0·09 | 0·23 | |||||||||
| 1 (0·180-0·680) | 3233 (492) | Ref | 0·05 (1·32) | Ref | 39·5 (2·6) | Ref | ||||||
| 2 (0·685-0·920) | 3134 (474) | −122 | (−223, -21) | −0·17 (1·18) | −0·27 | (−0·54, 0·00) | 39·3 (2·3) | −0·1 | (−0·7, 0·4) | |||
| 3 (0·925-1·295) | 3160 (467) | −62 | (−161,37) | −0·13 (1·19) | −0·18 | (−0·44, 0·09) | 39·4 (2·2) | −0·0 | (−0·5, 0·4) | |||
| 4 (1·300-8·040) | 3065 (497) | −163 | (−269, -57) | −0·27 (1·39) | −0·31 | (−0·60, -0·01) | 39·2 (2·4) | −0·3 | (−0·9, 0·2) | |||
| CRP (mg/L) | 0·26 | 0·81 | 0·24 | |||||||||
| 1 (0·245-5·115) | 3145 (504) | Ref | −0·17 (1·27) | Ref | 39·5 (2·5) | Ref | ||||||
| 2 (5·150-11·460) | 3196 (450) | 25 | (−74, 124) | −0·03 (1·24) | 0·10 | (−0·16, 0·37) | 39·4 (2·3) | −0·2 | (−0·7, 0·3) | |||
| 3 (11·480- 20·910) | 3133 (495) | −27 | (−129, 76) | −0·15 (1·28) | 0·00 | (−0·27, 0·27) | 39·3 (2·3) | −0·3 | (−0·7, 0·2) | |||
| 4 (20·915-115·020) | 3123 (490) | −42 | (−144, 61) | −0·16 (1·30) | 0·01 | (−0·26, 0·28) | 39·2 (2·5) | −0·4 | (−0·9, 0·2) | |||
| Growth hormone axis | ||||||||||||
| IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 0·003 | 0·01 | 0·97 | |||||||||
| 1 (0·375-95·535) | 3066 (503) | Ref | −0·34 (1·31) | Ref | 39·5 (2·6) | Ref | ||||||
| 2 (96·445-170·920) | 3140 (440) | 75 | (−23, 174) | −0·10 (1·17) | 0·25 | (−0·02, 0·51) | 39·2 (2·3) | −0·3 | (−0·8, 0·2) | |||
| 3 (171·065-253·650) | 3158 (462) | 93 | (−9, 195) | −0·15 (1·27) | 0·19 | (−0·09, 0·47) | 39·5 (2·3) | 0·0 | (−0·5, 0·5) | |||
| 4 (253·985-1144·363) | 3233 (520) | 172 | (64, 281) | 0·08 (1·31) | 0·42 | (0·14, 0·70) | 39·3 (2·3) | −0·1 | (−0·7, 0·4) | |||
| FGF21 (pg/mL) | 0·09 | 0·92 | 0·03 | |||||||||
| 1 (0·465-245·185) | 3220 (503) | Ref | −0·08 (1·26) | Ref | 39·6 (2·2) | Ref | ||||||
| 2 (246·975-575·790) | 3150 (444) | −53 | (−151, 44) | −0·13 (1·15) | −0·03 | (−0·28, 0·23) | 39·4 (2·5) | −0·2 | (−0·7, 0·3) | |||
| 3 (576·350-1465·635) | 3114 (477) | −92 | (−194, 9) | −0·22 (1·27) | −0·12 | (−0·39, 0·15) | 39·3 (2·2) | −0·3 | (−0·8, 0·2) | |||
| 4 (1468·845-9228·637) | 3114 (510) | −101 | (−204, 3) | −0·08 (1·41) | 0·00 | (−0·28, 0·28) | 39·0 (2·6) | −0·6 | (−1·1, -0·1) | |||
a
Models adjusted for maternal age, maternal BMI, maternal marital status, maternal education, parity, SES, clinic site, WHO HIV stage, CD4 T-cell count, timing of ART initiation, infant sex, and parent trial regimen. The p-values were calculated from linear regression models. OD, optical density; IgA, immunoglobulin A; IgG, immunoglobulin G; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; sCD14, soluble CD14; I-FABP, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein; CRP, C-reactive protein; AGP, α1-acid glycoprotein; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21); ng, nanograms; pg, picograms; mg, milligrams; mL, milliliters; L, liters; SD, standard deviation.