Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| Clinical characteristics | Encephalopathy | No encephalopathy | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 23) | (n = 27) | ||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 70.7 (12.3) | 61.5 (17.1) | 0.12† |
| Female, n (%) | 12 (52%) | 16 (59%) | 0.61 |
| Structural injury on imaging, n (%) | 12 (52%) | 9 (33%) | 0.18‡ |
| Duration of illness prior to EEG, mean (SD) | 8.4 (14.7) | 5 (6.3) | 0.63† |
| WHO COVID severity scale, n (%) | 0.002 ¥ | ||
| Non-severe | 14 (61%) | 23 (85%) | |
| Severe | 7 (30%) | 4 (15%) | |
| Critical | 2 (9%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Past Medical History, n (%) ‡ | |||
| Dementia | 9 (39%) | 9 (33%) | 0.67 |
| Hypertension | 18 (78%) | 22 (81%) | 0.78 |
| Diabetes | 11 (48%) | 11 (41%) | 0.61 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder | 5 (22%) | 4 (15%) | 0.53 |
| BMI > 30, kg/m2 | 8 (35%) | 7 (26%) | 0.5 |
| Coronary artery disease | 4 (17%) | 7 (26%) | 0.47 |
| Epilepsy | 6 (26%) | 9 (33%) | 0.58 |
| Clinical Course, n (%) ‡ | |||
| Dialysis during hospitalization | 3 (13%) | 3 (11%) | 0.83 |
| Sepsis on admission | 4 (17%) | 2 (7%) | 0.28 |
| ARDS | 3 (13%) | 0 (0%) | 0.053 |
| Delirium present on admission | 21 (91%) | 17 (63%) | 0.019 |
| Cefepime | 12 (52%) | 5 (19%) | 0.012 |
| Pneumonia | 15 (65%) | 10 (37%) | 0.047 |
| Intubation | 3 (13%) | 0 (0%) | 0.053 |
| COVID-19 treatment | 10 (43%) | 3 (11%) | 0.009 |
| Renal failure | 12 (52%) | 7 (26%) | 0.0567 |
| Background frequency on EEG, mean (SD) | 5.8 (1.1) | 9.3 (1.3) | n/a |
| Outcomes | |||
| Length of stay, mean (SD) | 15.5 (9.9) | 8.1 (7.3) | 0.001 ‡ |
| Disposition, n (%) | 0.001 ¥ | ||
| Death | 3 (13%) | 0 (0%) | |
| LTACH | 1 (4%) | 1 (4%) | |
| SAR | 13 (57%) | 7 (26%) | |
| AR | 2 (9%) | 3 (11%) | |
| Home | 4 (17%) | 16 (59%) |
ARDS, acute respiratory disease; BMI, body mass index; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 19; WHO, World Health Organization; SD, standard deviation. P-values in bold are significant after Bonferroni correction for 22 comparisons (corrected α = 0.0023).
†
Two-sample Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test.
‡
Two-tailed Proportions test.
¥
Ordinal logistic regression.