Table 4.
Association between paternal age (continuous, per 5-year increase) and lung function, stratified by breastfeeding
| Crude coefficient β (95% CI)a | Adjusted coefficient β (95% CI)a | |
|---|---|---|
| Breastfed ≥ 6 months ( n = 611) | ||
| FVC (mL) | − 11.99 (− 30.84, 6.85) | − 8.75 (− 23.34, 5.83) |
| FEV1 (mL) | − 14.79 (− 32.24, 2.65) | − 11.06 (− 24.42, 2.29) |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | − 0.35 (− 0.88, 0.17) | − 0.37 (− 0.95, 0.21) |
| FEF75 (mL/s) | − 21.10 (− 43.2, 1.00) | − 16.90 (− 39.49, 5.68) |
| PEF (mL/s) | − 14.17 (− 65.51, 37.17) | 2.69 (− 46.8, 52.17) |
| FeNO (ppb) | 0.69 (− 0.75, 2.13) | 0.93 (− 0.67, 2.54) |
| Not breastfed or breastfed < 6 months ( n = 719) | ||
| FVC (mL) | 5.45 (− 10.24, 21.13) | 4.31 (− 7.84, 16.47) |
| FEV1 (mL) | − 0.68 (− 14.89, 13.52) | − 3.20 (− 14.58, 8.17) |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | − 0.46 (− 0.86, − 0.06)* | − 0.60 (− 1.04, − 0.15)* |
| FEF75 (mL/s) | − 19.48 (− 36.80, − 2.16)* | − 22.31 (− 40.75, − 3.87)* |
| PEF (mL/s) | − 22.87 (− 62.41, 16.68) | − 29.94 (− 69.09, 9.2) |
| FeNO (ppb) | − 0.54 (− 1.73, 0.65) | − 1.29 (− 2.58, 0.00) |
CI confidence interval, FVC forced vital capacity, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FEF75 forced expiratory flow at 75% of FVC, PEF peak expiratory flow, ppb parts per billion
aPer 5-year increase in paternal age at birth, adjusting for age, sex, height, maternal age at birth, prematurity, birth weight, cesarean delivery, birth order, physician-diagnosed asthma, parental university education, parental allergic diseases, prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and household income
*P < 0.05 is bold