Table 2.

Multinomial regression model of the associations of predisposing, enabling, and need factors with the utilization of nursing care (N = 1549)

	OdpNCU relative to noNCU			InpNCU relative to noNCU
	Odds ratio	95% CI		Odds ratio	95% CI
Predisposing factors
Age	1.056*	1.005	1.109	1.143***	1.069	1.224
Sex (Ref: female)	1.132	0.721	1.776	0.509	0.235	1.104
Socioeconomic status	0.995	0.985	1.006	0.983*	0.967	1.000
Migration background (Ref: no)	0.665	0.422	1.050	0.928	0.477	1.808
Community type (Ref: ≥500,000)
100,000 to 499,999a	1.498	0.959	2.340	0.563	0.282	1.124
50,000 to 99,999	1.178	0.647	2.146	1.253	0.548	2.867
5000 to 49,999	1.355	0.765	2.399	0.216**	0.079	0.592
Enabling factors
Children (Ref: yes)a	0.713	0.390	1.302	3.827**	1.710	8.564
Partnership status (Ref: no partnership)a	0.577*	0.367	0.908	0.433*	0.195	0.962
Social isolation (Ref: no)	0.761	0.466	1.243	3.939***	2.056	7.546
Loneliness (Ref: never/rarely)a	2.004	0.950	4.227	2.942*	1.581	7.892
Time spent with others (Ref: often/very often)
never/rarely	0.867	0.507	1.481	0.434	0.178	1.061
sometimes	0.939	0.600	1.471	0.800	0.405	1.581
Need factors
Self-rated health status	1.045	0.799	1.366	1.469	0.973	2.218
Basic activities of daily living	0.015***	0.006	0.036	0.010***	0.004	0.029
Instrumental activities of daily living	0.181***	0.111	0.295	0.044***	0.020	0.094
≥ 5 chronic conditions (Ref: no)	1.203	0.789	1.833	0.423*	0.204	0.878
Physical frailty (Ref: robust)
pre-fraila	1.436	0.779	2.648	0.242**	0.101	0.577
frail	1.136	0.528	2.445	0.085***	0.026	0.272
Dementia (DemTect)	0.625**	0.439	0.890	0.477**	0.309	0.738
Pseudo R-squared (Nagelkerke)b	0.695***

Weighted data

NoNCU no nursing care use, odpNCU outpatient, day, and/or private nursing care use, inpNCU inpatient nursing care use, CI confidence interval, ref reference category

^*p < 0.05

^**p < 0.01

^***p < 0.001

^aThe findings differed between the original and full imputed datasets. For more details, see “Results” section

^bCalculated as the mean value from all imputed datasets