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. 2022 Sep 6;13:965258. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.965258

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Copyright © 2022 Zhang, Gao, Rong, Zhu, Cui, Liu and Li

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immune cells promote osteoclastogenesis by secreting pro-osteoclastogenic mediators. Those immune cells include M1 macrophages, DCs, neutrophils, Th1, Th17 and B cells. M1 macrophages are also involved in osteogenic difference. M1 macrophages and Treg cells promote osteogenic differences by releasing pro-osteogenic mediators. Th2 cells play a bone-protective role. In addition to promoting osteoclastogenesis, neutrophils can recruit Th17cells and inhibit the maturation of B cells. B cells play a dual role in osteoclastogenesis. Note: Various types of immune cell image materials are from https://smart.servier.com.